发展绿色高效农业是应对全球风险挑战、保障国家粮食安全与推动农业可持续发展的核心路径。本文基于第二届全国作物杂种优势与生物育种学术大会十四位院士的前沿学术报告，围绕“生物与信息技术赋能现代农业绿色发展”的主题，对我国农业科技前沿进展与战略路径进行评述。文章系统梳理了生物技术驱动下的作物育种新范式，包括杂种优势的分子机理解析、生长-代谢协同设计育种以及基因编辑等精准育种技术体系的建立；阐述了信息技术赋能下，以数据驱动和人工智能为核心的智慧农业研究进展；总结了作物绿色生产领域通过栽培技术优化与生态农艺集成实现大面积单产提升的实践；并探讨了功能农业在拓展作物营养健康价值方面的应用前景。进一步剖析了当前我国农业科技创新在源头突破、智能育种、技术集成与成果转化等方面面临的系统性挑战，提出了以“生物技术+信息技术+绿色技术”深度融合为核心、培育农业新质生产力的现代农业体系发展框架，以期为现代农业绿色转型发展提供战略参考。

随着人工智能技术的飞速发展,电子计算在功耗与算力层面正日益逼近其物理极限.衍射神经网络凭借其低功耗、光速运算与高度并行处理能力,成为突破现有电子计算瓶颈的重要技术路径之一.非线性作为提升衍射神经网络性能的核心,已引起研究界的广泛关注.然而,现有研究多集中于非线性层的硬件实现方案,对整体网络架构中非线性机制的系统性分析严重缺乏.尤其关键的是,诸如非线性层的位置、数量以及激活函数类型等结构参数尚未得到充分探索,这在相当程度上制约了高性能非线性衍射神经网络的进一步发展与优化.为此,本文以人体动作识别为典型任务,系统探究了非线性层数量、位置及激活函数类型对识别性能的影响规律.实验结果表明,上述结构参数对系统识别准确率具有显著影响.因此,在实际应用中需结合具体任务需求进行全面评估,以确定最佳网络参数配置,从而充分释放非线性衍射神经网络的性能潜力.本研究系统揭示了网络结构参数与识别准确率之间的内在联系,为高性能非线性衍射神经网络的结构设计与优化提供了理论依据与方法支撑.

<sec><p indent="0mm">Against the backdrop of global population growth and the rapid development of animal husbandry, the shortage of traditional feed protein resources and the environmental pollution caused by agricultural biomass waste pose significant challenges to sustainable development. As a major agricultural country, China produces a large amount of crop straw and other wastes rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin every year. Their complex lignocellulosic structure results in low direct feeding value and insufficient resource utilization. In this context, edible mushroom fermentation technology, as an innovative biological conversion pathway, provides a highly promising solution to simultaneously address the dual challenges of “feed protein shortage” and “agricultural waste pollution”, offering significant economic, environmental, and social benefits. The core of this technology lies in the complex enzyme systems secreted by edible mushrooms, such as cellulase, hemicellulose, and laccase, which can efficiently degrade lignocellulosic structures, converting them into small-molecule nutrients like soluble sugars and amino acids. Concurrently, the substantial proliferation of mycelium and enrichment of fungal protein transform low-value fibrous substrates into high-value protein resources. </sec><sec> The efficacy of this technology in enhancing the nutritional value of agricultural wastes has been well documented. For instance, solid-state fermentation of Eucommia ulmoides processing by-products using Hericium erinaceus and Flammulina velutipes achieved remarkable degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Similarly, submerged fermentation of rice hull bran with Agrocybe aegerita and F. velutipes increased the soluble dietary fiber content more than fourfold. In another example, co-fermentation of rape straw and Pennisetum purpureum with Pleurotus citrinopileatus elevated the crude protein content to 8.8% while reducing crude fiber, thereby converting the indigestible agricultural residues into a high-value feed with balanced nutrition and excellent palatability. </sec><sec> The efficacy of such fermented products in animal husbandry has been well established. Research in ruminants has yielded promising results. For instance, feeding goats Ganoderma lucidum-fermented corn stover significantly improved their feed intake and digestibility. In dairy cows, supplementing diets with Pleurotus ostreatus-fermented wheat stover enhanced dry matter intake, average daily gain, and milk yield. Furthermore, mixed-edible-fungus-fermented distiller’s grains improved the growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of Guanling cattle. These benefits are attributed not only to the enhanced nutritional profile but also to the regulatory effects of bioactive compounds in the fermented products on animal physiology. </sec><sec> However, the application of this technology remains primarily focused on ruminants, with research in monogastric animals yet to be expanded. Looking ahead, the development of edible mushroom fermentation technology for producing feed protein from agricultural waste relies on interdisciplinary integration and whole-chain collaborative innovation. Future research should focus on the targeted breeding of efficient degradation and high-protein synthesis strains, intelligent optimization of large-scale fermentation processes, in-depth analysis of the mechanisms of action of bioactive substances, and the establishment of standardized product quality evaluation systems. Strengthening the degradation capacity and protein synthesis efficiency of strains through biotechnologies, such as gene editing, combined with intelligent control systems for precise regulation of the fermentation process, can further unlock the production potential of this technology. Moreover, enhancing the integration of the “agricultural waste-edible mushroom fermentation-animal husbandry” industrial chain and policy support are key to advancing this technology from laboratory research to large-scale industrial application. </sec><sec> In summary, edible mushroom fermentation technology not only provides an efficient and green technical pathway for addressing feed protein shortages and agricultural waste pollution but also establishes a circular agriculture model of “resources-products-waste-renewable resources”. Its further development will play an increasingly strategic role in ensuring national food security, promoting agricultural green transformation, and advancing ecological civilization. </sec>

抗生素耐药基因的广泛传播对全球公共卫生构成严重威胁。噬菌体是抗菌疗法的重要补充，但其自身生命周期驱动的基因流动也是抗生素耐药性扩散的重要途径，这一双重角色构成了当前研究的焦点与矛盾。然而，在人类活动加剧的背景下，当前对复杂环境中噬菌体介导抗生素耐药性扩散的关键路径及其风险等级仍缺乏系统认知。与普遍认知不同，转导过程的载体（即转导颗粒）是基因组缺陷的噬菌体，其在环境中转移抗生素耐药基因的效率低下；相反，溶原化过程的载体是正常的温和噬菌体，温和噬菌体感染的普遍性及其引发“棘轮效应”的潜力使溶原化成为一条被严重低估的抗生素耐药基因传播路径。进一步分析表明，抗生素、重金属和微塑料等典型人为压力会显著影响上述路径，加剧抗生素耐药基因的传播风险。本文旨在明确噬菌体介导抗生素耐药基因传播的不同机制及其对典型人类活动的响应，以期为理性利用噬菌体、阻遏抗生素耐药性传播提供理论依据。

<p indent="0mm">Gastropods are one of the most thriving benthic groups in modern oceans and have played a central role in paleo-marine ecosystems of the Phanerozoic. The shell morphology of modern-type gastropods differs markedly from that of their geological predecessors, and has been used as core evidence for the “Mesozoic Marine Revolution” and the “Late Paleozoic Marine Productivity Transformation” scenarios. However, the classification and evolutionary timeline of Phanerozoic gastropod faunas have not yet quantitatively constrained with robust data support, and the timing and dynamic of the rise of modern-type fauna have been heavily debated in past decades. In this study we compiled a dataset with over 134,037 records of gastropod fossils (4,008 genera of 475 families, belonging to 34 orders). Following mean-standard deviation normalization of the basic genus-level diversity data, the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean based on Bray-Curtis similarity is employed to cluster gastropod fossil faunas while the time interval was binned by period and age. The results indicate that Phanerozoic gastropod genus-level diversity exhibits an overall trend of continuous increase, with two significant diversity expansion events occurring in the Early Ordovician and the Late Cretaceous. From the Late Cretaceous, diversity shows explosive growth, far exceeding levels of the Paleozoic to middle Mesozoic stages. All the gastropod assemblages can be clearly divided into three distinct fossil faunas, i.e. the Cambrian-type (67 genera of the possible stem gastropoda, Helcionellida), Paleozoic-type (characterized by the rise and dominances of Euomphalina, Murchisoniina and Bellerophontida), and Meso-Cenozoic-type (Modern-type, featured by fast radiation of Sorbeoconcha and Neogastropoda) by using a clustering distance of 0.5 as a quantitative criterion. The transitions between these three faunas occurred at the Cambrian/Ordovician boundary (ca. 485 million years ago) and in the Middle Triassic (ca. 240 million years ago), respectively, not fully aligning with major mass extinction events (the so called “big-five” mass extinctions) and the rise of modern type fauna was significantly preceding the classic timings of “Mesozoic Marine Revolution” in Late Triassic to Early Jurassic. Comprehensive paleoenvironmental parameters such as temperature, oxygen levels, and pH of secular scale, as well as ecological data including marine productivity and the evolution of durophagy are correlated with the presented gastropod faunal changing pattern to figure out the abiotic and biotic dynamics of gastropod evolution. The results show that faunal turnovers occurred under warm climate with relatively stable oceanic oxygen levels and pH, while the modern analogues (tropical gigantism and Thorson’s rule) confirm that temperate water-mass with high productivity in tropical oceans elevated the size and ecological plasticity. The Middle Triassic emerges as a critical period for the evolution of gastropods towards modern-type forms, coinciding with the recovery of marine productivity after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and the diversification of shell-crushing predators. Since the developments of new pelagic producers in the Meoszoic oceans accompanied with the rapid diversification of durophagy predators, co-occurred with the Paleozoic-Meoszoic (modern) faunal transition, highlighting the key role of ecological factors in the origin of Modern-type gastropod fauna. In addition, during the Middle Triassic, gastropods at the global scale had already evolved to be the Modern-type fauna, whilst the gastropod assemblage of Qingyan biota in the Nanpanjiang Basin retained a typical Paleozoic-type faunal composition feature, serving as an important refugium for relict Paleozoic gastropod species.

板块构造中俯冲带是地表与地幔物质循环关键通道，其向地幔输送氧化物质影响弧岩浆与地幔氧化状态，但学界结论存在分歧，多因传统研究仅为点、线状信息，难以反映二维连续演化。Duan 等 2026 年发表于Nature Geoscience的二维动力学—热力学耦合模型，模拟马里亚纳型俯冲带，揭示不同岩层、弧下与弧后区域氧化物质释放差异，发现约70%氧化性物质可进入深部地幔，统一了此前矛盾认识，为理解地幔氧化还原长期演化提供新框架。