<h2>Summary</h2><h3>Introduction</h3> Adolescence experience rapid growth and requires optimal nutrition. Prebiotics and probiotics foods contribute to gut microbiota balance, influencing digestion and nutrient absorption which manifest on the nutritional status. However, the data intake of these foods among Indonesian adolescents remains limited. This study aimed to examines the association between consumption of prebiotic and probiotic food sources and nutritional status among high school students in West java, Indonesia. <h3>Methods</h3> Design: A Cross-sectional analytic observational study. <h3>Setting</h3> SMA Negeri 2 Padalarang, West Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia. <h3>Participants</h3> 306 students (grades X-XII) selected through stratified random sampling. All completed the study. Measurements: A food frequency questionnaire assessed intake of prebiotic and probiotic sources. Nutritional status was determined using Body mass Index (BMI) for age. <h3>Results</h3> Fermented food (<i>r</i> = −0.139, <i>p</i> = 0.015) and vegetable consumption (<i>r</i> = −0.477, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were negatively associated with BMI, indicating higher intake corresponding with lower BMI. In Contrast, Cerealia (<i>r</i> = 0.165, <i>p</i> = 0.004) and chocolate products consumption (<i>r</i> = 0.388, <i>p</i> < 0.001) were positively associated with BMI. Meanwhile, fruit, nut, and legumes intake showed no significant relationship. Both prebiotic and probiotic intake accounted for 35.5% of the variation in nutritional status (<i>R</i>² = 0.355). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Consumption of fermented foods and vegetables is associated with lower BMI, while cereals and chocolate products are linked to higher BMI among adolescents. Dietary patterns involving prebiotic and probiotic sources may influence adolescent nutritional status. However, other contributing factors should be considered in future interventions.

<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Background</h3> Assessment of malnutrition is important in cancer patients, especially in gastrointestinal cancer in Indonesia. The Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), an instrument that allows interdisciplinary assessment of malnutrition and its risk factors, has yet to be available in the Indonesian version. <h3>Object</h3> To produce a valid and reliable PG-SGA questionnaire in Indonesian while maintaining the English version's form, purpose, and meaning. <h3>Methods</h3> The PG-SGA questionnaire was translated, culturally and linguistically adapted, following the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics (ISPOR) principles. Each question item in the questionnaire will be assessed based on content validity, comprehensibility, and difficulty, operationalized by calculating item and scale indices. A scaled score of 0.80–0.90 is considered acceptable, while a score of more than 0.90 is considered excellent. <h3>Results</h3> The content validity of the entire PG-SGA questionnaire obtained an S-CVI of 0.92. The content validity score of the PG-SGA questionnaire on professional participants was S-CVI 0.91. The comprehensibility score of professional and general public participants was S–CI 0.89. The score for the difficulty of question items on the PG-SGA questionnaire with professional and general public participants obtained the results of S-DI 0.86 and 0.88. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The translation and cultural adaptation of the PG-SGA questionnaire according to the ISPOR principles of successfully maintaining the format, purpose, and meaning of the Indonesian version of the PG-SGA questionnaire. The PG-SGA questionnaire's Indonesian version is now comprehensible and relevant for patients, the general public, and professionals. However, there are components of the professional questions that are considered difficult, so additional descriptions or brief explanations and training are needed, especially for physical examinations.

Background: Animal Source Foods (ASFs) provide high-quality protein and essential micronutrients critical for physical growth and cognitive development in young children. Inadequate consumption of ASFs during the complementary feeding period (6–23 months) contributes significantly to stunting and micronutrient deficiencies in developing regions. Despite the high burden of malnutrition in Somalia, there is a paucity of nationally representative data regarding ASF consumption patterns and their determinants among Somali children. Aims: This study aimed to determine the magnitude of ASF consumption and identify individual and community-level determinants among children aged 6–23 months in Somalia. Methods and Materials: A secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2020 Somalia Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS). The study included a sample of 2,097 children aged 6–23 months. The outcome variable was the consumption of any ASF (meat, eggs, fish, organ meat, or dairy) in the 24 hours preceding the survey. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was fitted to identify significant predictors, reporting Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Results: The overall prevalence of ASF consumption was 64.9% (95% CI: 62.8–66.9%). However, consumption was heavily skewed towards fresh milk (45.5%), while intake of meat (11.2%), eggs (7%), and fish (4.7%) was low. Multivariable analysis revealed that children with media exposure (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.03–2.50) and those not currently breastfeeding (AOR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.41–2.17) had higher odds of ASF consumption. Conversely, lack of maternal mobile phone ownership (AOR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58–0.99) and husband unemployment (AOR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.55–0.86) were associated with lower consumption. Paradoxically, children from wealthier households (fourth quintile) had lower odds of consuming ASFs compared to the poorest households (AOR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.43–0.85). Conclusion: While the prevalence of ASF consumption appears moderately high, it is qualitatively limited by a heavy reliance on milk and a lack of solid animal proteins like meat and eggs. Socioeconomic factors, media access, and breastfeeding status significantly influence consumption patterns. Interventions should focus on promoting dietary diversification beyond milk through mass media campaigns and economic empowerment initiatives.

Child malnutrition remains a pressing public health issue in Bangladesh, worsened by the socioeconomic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying nutritional status and its associated factors among children under five is critical to guide interventions. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2021 at the Institute of Child and Mother Health (ICMH), Dhaka. A total of 543 children aged 6–59 months were selected using systematic random sampling. Data were collected via a pretested semi-structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements following WHO standards. Nutritional outcomes (stunting, wasting, underweight, and MUAC) were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression. Among the 543 children studied, 37.6 % were stunted, 22.8 % were underweight, and 3.9 % were wasted, with 64.3 % experiencing at least one form of malnutrition. Malnutrition was more common among males and children aged 6–12 months. Independent predictors of malnutrition included maternal underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m 2 ; AOR = 2.87), recent diarrheal disease exposure (AOR = 5.23), and infectious disease exposure (AOR = 2.26). Children of mothers with low education (AOR = 2.37, p < 0.001) and from low-income families (AOR = 2.01, p < 0.001) had higher risk. Exclusive breastfeeding was protective against malnutrition (AOR = 0.39, p = 0.022). Underweight was predicted by maternal underweight (AOR = 2.58, p = 0.004), diarrheal exposure (AOR = 4.34, p < 0.001), and low maternal education (AOR = 2.37, p = 0.002). Stunting was associated with low family income (AOR = 2.01, p = 0.009), maternal underweight (AOR = 2.07, p = 0.006), and exposure to diarrheal (AOR = 2.73, p = 0.001) or infectious diseases (AOR = 3.19, p < 0.001). Wasting was linked to maternal underweight (AOR = 3.13, p = 0.004) and diarrheal exposure (AOR = 4.47, p < 0.001). The study revealed a high burden of malnutrition among hospitalized under-five children during the COVID-19 pandemic, exceeding national averages for stunting and underweight. Maternal nutrition, education, and child health exposures were key determinants. Interventions should prioritize maternal nutrition, breastfeeding promotion, and prevention of diarrheal and infectious diseases. • Prevalence of stunting (37 %), wasting (3.9 %), and underweight (22.8 %) found in ICMH. • Maternal BMI <18.5 kg/m 2 strongly predicted child malnutrition. • Diarrheal and infectious disease exposure increased risk of stunting and wasting. • Exclusive breastfeeding reduced likelihood of underweight and malnutrition. • Maternal education and family income were significant protective factors.