Solar Cell as a renewable energy utilization in today's era is considered a suitable choice due to encompass sustainability, environmental preservation, and energy processing efficiency. Solar cells have a finite lifespan that need replacement to maintain energy absorption efficiency. Unfortunately, discarded materials are often underutilized or improperly disposed of. In this study, used photovoltaic solar cell materials are explored as reinforcements in composites. The results showed that 4 % cell filler specimen exhibited highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) with 51.43 MPa. Followed by Compression strength with 35.38 MPa and flexural strength with 45.54 MPa. SEM/EDS analysis of PV filler specimens revealed the dominance of Carbon (C) and Silica (Si) materials, comprising over 60 %. FT-IR analysis indicated varying compound bond intensities affecting polymerization and material strength under applied forces. Simulation results showed a difference of <2 % when compared to experimental testing outcomes. The current study benefited in environmental conservation efforts through waste reduction and the reuse of recycled materials and are listed in several applications such as in wind turbine, structures, lightweight laminates, automotive structures, and sport equipment.

In this study, undulations and their influence on the longitudinal compressive strength of a unidirectional glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite are investigated theoretically and experimentally. The objective of this research is to explore the failure mechanisms in FRP and to characterize the mechanical properties of FRP as a function of fiber orientation. For this purpose, a multiscale material model is developed that considers a stochastic fiber orientation distribution (FOD) and models matrix fracture-initiated failure. The relationship between compressive strength and undulation is investigated experimentally on standardized specimens made of unidirectional GFRP. The fiber orientations are measured using X-ray computed tomography and ImageJ image analysis, resulting in a binormal distribution of fiber orientations in the series of samples tested. To examine the failure process in detail, the compression tests are simulated using finite element analysis (FEA). Both the FEA results and the measured compressive strengths confirm the model assumption of matrix fracture-initiated failure under longitudinal compressive loading. The presented analytical model realistically represents the correlation of compressive strength with the FOD.