Speckle noise in ultrasound images compromises image quality and hinders diagnostic accuracy. Traditional ultrasound denoising methods often struggle to preserve anatomical details while effectively reducing noise, especially under high-noise conditions. In this study, we propose an innovative approach that integrates a lightweight channel attention mechanism (LCAM) within a convolutional variational autoencoder (CVAE) framework to enhance ultrasound image denoising. The proposed approach efficiently reduces speckle noise while maintaining essential anatomical features. Comprehensive evaluations across six diverse ultrasound datasets demonstrate that the LCAM-CVAE outperforms conventional denoising techniques in both subjective image quality and objective performance metrics, including peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure (SSIM), standard deviation in PSNR (SD-PSNR), standard deviation in SSIM (SD-SSIM), PSNR statistical relevance tests, and computational efficiency (CE). The LCAM-CVAE approach demonstrates exceptional performance, particularly under high-noise conditions, ensuring the preservation of key anatomical structures for accurate diagnosis. These results highlight the LCAM-CVAE approach as a robust and promising solution for ultrasound image denoising, with significant clinical potential to improve diagnostic quality in noisy environments.

A fractional-order (hepatitis B virus) HBV transmission model is developed using Caputo, Caputo-Fabrizio, and Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo (ABC) operators to capture memory effects and non-local interactions-including asymptomatic carriers and vertical transmission. Existence, uniqueness, positivity, and stability of solutions are established via fixedpoint theorems and Ulam-Hyers criteria. Numerical simulations employ Adams-Bashforth-Moulton and predictor-corrector methods adapted to each fractional derivative. Results show that lowering the fractional order (α < 1) reduces peak viral load, especially with early intervention, but extends infection duration due to slower decay. This fractional modelling framework offers deeper insight into chronic HBV dynamics, vaccination effectiveness, and long-term control strategies.

Nanomedicine has revolutionized the pharmaceutical and biological sciences industry by providing new frontiers and targets on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. One promising development is the integration of natural products with nanoformulations, is emerging as a novel strategy in antitumor therapy. This combination has opened up new avenues for primary intervention and treatment due to targeted delivery of therapeutic agents against cancer. Researchers are trying to enhance and establish the safety and efficacy of naturally occurring bioactive compounds characterised by their anticancer potential. Polyphenols and other phytochemicals, along with functional foods, have high potency in circumventing tumors by the effective inhibition of the expansion of cancerous cells and induction of apoptosis. Incorporation of such natural products natural products through nanotechnology is therefore meant to enhance therapeutic efficacy with an improved safety profile. The aim will be to formulate these bioactive compounds as nanoformulations to achieve higher tumor site concentration, which would result in maximum anticancer effects and perhaps reduce the possible side effects associated with conventional therapies. This calls for collaboration among researchers and clinicians in establishing evidence-based guidelines and standardized protocols that ensure safety and efficacy in the use of such therapies.

A detailed review is presented on research contributions in peristaltic transport in the human ureter in the presence of microliths. The studies reviewed are differentiated based on methodologies deployed, namely analytical, numerical and CFD simulation techniques and also experimental (clinical) investigations. Various 2D and 3D models are discussed along with more advanced fluid structure interaction (FSI) studies. The propagation of the incompressible urine flow results in reflux nephropathy. As such, the peristaltic waves spread near the outlet of the tube which manifests in a depletion in the flow rate. Due to the maximum pressure gradient, urine backflow occurs. A full understanding of ureter reflux has however not yet been achieved. This review surveys approximately 101 journals addressing the obstruction inside the ureter and the associated hydrodynamics. As such it consolidates many different efforts in the field in a single source which will serve as a guide to both clinical researchers (e.g., physicians) and also mathematical and engineering research groups and is hoped that it will assist in the development of new integrated approaches for robust treatments. The extensive survey of the scientific literature in this review article confirms that stones (monoliths) detected in the proximal part of the nephron are generally larger than those identified in distal parts. These papers defined the position and shapes of microliths. Due to bolus transport inside the ureter flow, varying pressure and velocity balances are also appraised. The more advanced FSI simulations provide much-needed insight into visualizing actual ureteral transport. Some future pathways for collaborative efforts in improving healthcare for patients are also suggested.

Dental implants are integral in replacing missing teeth, providing durability and natural aesthetics through osseointegration-a process where the implant fuses with the jawbone to support a prosthesis. However, screw loosening presents significant challenges, potentially leading to implant failure, bone loss, and peri-implantitis. Contributing factors include micro-leakage, settling effects, loss of preload, abutment angulation, and inadequate torque application. Addressing these issues through proper torque management, anti-rotation features, and retightening protocols is crucial for implant longevity and success. This study outlines key causes and solutions for screw loosening in dental implants.

Chronic wounds can be classified as diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, or venous leg ulcers. Chronic wound management has become a threat to clinicians and constitutes a major healthcare burden. The healing process of chronic wounds requires many factors to work in concert to achieve optimal healing. Various treatment options, ranging from hypoxia to infection, have evolved considerably to address the challenges associated with chronic wound healing. The conventional and accelerating treatments for chronic wounds still represent an unmet medical need due to the complex pathophysiology of the chronic wound microenvironment. In clinical settings, traditional chronic wound care practices rely on nonspecific topical treatment, which can reduce pain and alleviate disease progression with varying levels of success but fail to completely cure the wounds. Conventional wound dressings, such as hydrocolloids, gauze, foams, and films, have also shown limited success for the treatment of chronic wounds and only act as a physical barrier and absorb wound exudates. Emerging advances in treatment approaches, including novel therapies (stem cells, microRNAs, and nanocarrier-based delivery systems) and multifunctional biological dressings, have been reported for chronic wound repair. This review summarizes the challenges offered by chronic wounds and discusses recent advancements in chronic wound treatment.