Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no known treatment. Recent advances in regenerative medicine, including stem cell therapies, hold promise for treating Alzheimer's disease and slowing its progression. This review explores the various types of stem cells, such as neural and mesenchymal stem cells, and how they can be harnessed for Alzheimer's treatment. It also discusses the potential mechanisms of action, including neurogenesis, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, and the secretion of various biologically active molecules by stem cells.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique that is increasingly being investigated for its therapeutic potential in cognitive impairment associated with dementia and Alzheimer's disease. This narrative review synthesizes and critically appraises the current evidence surrounding rTMS, with particular focus on clinical efficacy, neurobiological mechanisms, and emerging innovations. High-frequency stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) has consistently demonstrated improvements in memory, executive function, and attention, likely mediated by enhanced synaptic plasticity, increased neurotrophic factor expression, and modulation of large-scale brain networks, such as the default mode and fronto-parietal networks. Recent high-quality studies have built upon earlier research to highlight the comparative efficacy of target-specific stimulation, including precuneus- and parietal-based protocols, as well as multi- site strategies that engage language and associative regions. It also examines the use of TMSEEG and DMN connectivity as predictors of treatment response, supporting a shift toward personalized, biomarker-guided rTMS paradigms. Moreover, the synergistic potential of combining rTMS with cognitive training and pharmacotherapy is explored as a promising avenue for multimodal treatment. While preliminary results are encouraging, heterogeneity in study design and stimulation parameters continues to limit the generalizability of the findings. Standardization of protocols, longterm efficacy validation, and large-scale clinical trials remain critical to translating rTMS into routine dementia care.

Dementia, characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function, poses a significant challenge to global healthcare systems, with current therapeutic approaches offering limited efficacy. The development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems has introduced promising avenues for enhancing the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Dendrimers, with their highly branched, nanoscale structure, provide an innovative platform for targeted drug delivery to the brain. Dendrimers serve as nanoscale drug carriers that facilitate controlled drug release, enhance bioavailability, and improve penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to superior therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, dendrimers can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, increasing their stability and minimizing systemic side effects. This review explores the unique properties of dendrimers, focusing on their potential as drug delivery vehicles in dementia treatment. We also highlight advancements in the design and application of dendrimer-based therapeutics, emphasizing their role in targeting key pathological mechanisms underlying dementia. Through these approaches, dendrimers represent a promising strategy for developing more effective and personalized treatment modalities for patients suffering from cognitive impairment and dementia.

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is characterized by the simultaneous presence of both obesity and sarcopenia in the same individual, and it is associated with adverse health outcomes such as falls, hospitalization, functional disability, and mortality. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of SO in the elderly population through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the scientific literature. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and LILACS databases for observational studies published up to July 2023 on the prevalence of SO in individuals aged 65 years or older. Data were collected from the selected and included articles, including general study information, demographic characteristics of the samples, methods, and results. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) criteria. A random-effects model was applied for the quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) of combined prevalence data, and the I-squared index (I²) was used to assess heterogeneity. Publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot and Egger's test. A total of 37 articles meeting the eligibility criteria were selected and included in this meta-analysis. Heterogeneity among the studies was observed, along with evidence of publication bias. Most studies were classified as having a high risk of bias. The pooled prevalence of SO in the elderly was 10% (95% CI: 8%-12%; I²: 99.10%, p<0.001). A similar result was observed after stratification by sex, with a prevalence of 10% in both men (95% CI: 8%-12%; I²: 97.46%, p<0.001) and women (95% CI: 8%-12%; I²: 98.72%, p<0.001). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses revealed that the study setting, criteria used for the diagnosis of obesity, and the risk of bias in the studies were potential factors contributing to the heterogeneity in the prevalence of SO in the elderly. This meta-analysis indicated a significant prevalence of SO among the elderly population, with no difference by sex, highlighting SO as a substantial health problem in this population. These findings underscore the importance of interventions to reduce the occurrence of SO in the elderly.

Although a variety of disease-specific biomarkers have been identified for common lifestyle- or aging-related diseases, there are currently no indices available to measure general health or the existence of pre-symptomatic conditions in various types of tissue and organ damage. A rising body of research suggests that sirtuins may have the potential to be used as an index to assess overall health status and the existence of pre-symptomatic illness states. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylases expressed in a variety of human somatic cells both in health and disease conditions. The activity and expression of SIRTs affect important metabolic pathways, such as cell survival, senescence, proliferation, energy production, stress tolerance, DNA repair, and apoptosis, thereby closely linked to aging and longevity. Given the broad significance of SIRTs in physiological function maintenance, their activity in somatic cells may reflect the early cross-sectional status of tissue damage caused by aging or systemic inflammatory responses that are too early to be detected by disease-specific biomarkers. In this mini-review, we discuss the utility of SIRTs as a surrogate clinical biomarker for health status to evaluate and monitor health life expectancy and the presence of pre-symptomatic illness states.

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is defined as an idiopathic orofacial pain with recurrent intraoral burning. It mainly affects middle-aged women in peri- or post-menopause and the elderly, without any identifiable causative lesions and with or without somatosensory alterations. BMS has a complex pathogenesis involving psychogenic factors and deregulated peripheral and central pain, and there is no standard treatment protocol, making its diagnosis and management challenges. This study was to carry out a review literature on BMS, addressing its identification and therapeutic possibilities. Review articles and randomized controlled clinical studies whose full text was available, published between 2017 and 2022 in national and international journals, from PubMed and SCIELO databases, WHO manuals and books, were collected. As a search strategy, the keywords "burning mouth syndrome", "treatment" and "diagnosis" were used, totaling 42 papers. Of these, after applying the exclusion criteria, 34 articles were selected. Studies indicate that a comprehensive and thorough anamnesis is essential to exclude secondary factors leading to the correct diagnosis of BMS. In addition, a comprehensive anamnesis directs the best management considering a combination of neuropathic and palliative therapies, which aim to control, eliminate and/or minimize painful symptoms, treating the patient in an individualized way and not the disease itself, since this pathology has no cure. Considering the impact of BMS on quality of life, further studies are needed to expand diagnostic and treatment strategies, aiming to complement existing pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, observing the influence that biopsychosocial and neurophysiological mechanisms have on this syndrome.

It has been known since ancient times that garlic (Allium sativum), a member of the Alliaceae family, is an indispensable component of human food. This compound contains abundant nutrients, minerals, sulphur-containing compounds, essential oils, phenols, and free amino acids. Sugar levels in the blood that are abnormally high are a symptom of diabetes mellitus, in which the body has difficulty appropriately regulating glucose metabolism. Elevated levels of glucose in blood plasma are considered DM. It has been suggested that two primary mechanisms are responsible for the pathogenesis of the disease. One of the main causes of the persistent hyperglycemia linked to diabetes mellitus is the immune system's devastation of pancreatic β-cells, which results in a lack of insulin synthesis. Additionally, endogenous resistance of the body cells to the action of insulin is also a contributing factor. Children who have type 1 diabetes frequently experience symptoms such as polyuria, weight loss, and polydipsia of varying degrees. A comprehensive literature search on the potential benefits of allicin in diabetes mellitus (DM) was conducted using reputable databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and other recognized scientific sources. Furthermore, information on the clinical application of allicin was reviewed and compiled from ClinicalTrials.gov to provide insights into ongoing and completed clinical studies. Allicin is a compound that has the potential to have effects on pancreatic cells, wound healing, promoting insulin secretion, diabetic macroangiopathy, maintaining glucose homeostasis, and diabetic nephropathy. In addition, studies on cell lines that were carried out with different concentrations of allicin demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on diabetes mellitus. The promising treatment strategy, therapeutic benefits, and inhibitory actions that allicin exhibits on diabetes make it an appealing candidate for additional research and the possibility of its application in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Minimal serous uterine cancers (MUSCs) represent a distinct subset of endometrial malignancies characterized by early-stage presentation and unique histopathological features. These tumors typically manifest as intraepithelial or superficial serous carcinomas confined to endometrial polyps without myometrial invasion or lymphovascular involvement. MUSCs are predominantly diagnosed in postmenopausal women and are associated with favorable prognosis. The present case report briefs the finding of a 60-year-old woman presenting to the gynecological outpatient department for a routine gynaecological check-up. She was a known case of type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and asthma. She had no history of postmenopausal bleeding or vaginal discharge. Incidentally, on per speculum examination, a polyp of 2x3 cm was seen protruding through the cervical opening (cervical os). Her transvaginal ultrasound revealed a postmenopausal uterus with a thickened endometrium of 10mm. Her histopathology report of dilatation and curettage with polypectomy revealed serous carcinoma against the background of atrophic endometrium. The patient was managed with staging laparotomy with Wertheim's hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection, omentectomy, and parietal peritoneum biopsy. Her final histopathology report revealed Stage 1A1 MUSC with atrophic endometrium. The case report highlights the clinical significance of recognizing MUSC as an early- stage variant of endometrial cancer. Postmenopausal women, vulnerable to uterine serous carcinoma, require comprehensive sampling of all endometrial biopsies, curettings, and endometrial polyps to ensure early detection and accurate staging.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a neural and immunerelated disorder that occurs when the cerebrospinal system is damaged by extensive swelling. Although manifestation is possible regardless of age, adolescents have a greater probability. The purpose of the present manuscript is to provide recent advancements and enhance knowledge of the disease. The literature search on etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment was carried out using the online databases of SciFinder, Medline, Pubmed, GoogleScholar, Scopus, etc. Result: Although the cause of ADEM remains unclear, it is believed to be caused by inflammation in those with a genetic sensitivity to environmental stimulation. When people have altered levels of awareness or multifocal neurological abnormalities, ADEM is a possibility as a diagnosis. The diagnosis of ADEM is dependent on a combination of clinical and radiologic symptoms, whereas the exclusion of illnesses mimics ADEM; there is no one test that can establish the diagnosis. The inflammation in a child's brain and spinal cord is treated with medication. Prednisone is occasionally given to youngsters for a brief amount of time. Most children with ADEM improve with high doses of methylprednisolone. Cyclophosphamide is needed by individuals with hypothermia. Most investigations show that 50%- 75% of individuals completely recover between the first and sixth month of their condition.

The article presents an analysis of the results of many years of research devoted to the study of biological activity of peptide bioregulators at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels, as well as at the level of the organism. The study of peptide efficacy and analysis of their mechanism of action allowed the famous Russian gerontologist Vladimir Khavinson to propose the concept of peptide regulation of gene expression and protein synthesis. He developed and introduced the technology of obtaining active peptide preparations from animal tissues and also synthesized short peptides with targeted tissue-specific action, which are also capable of regulating gene activity and protein synthesis in cells. It has been established that they stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation, can have immunomodulatory effects, and inhibit apoptosis, thus restoring tissue functions in various pathologies. It is extremely important to study the effect of peptides on the stabilization of cell metabolism and prevention of premature aging, which may contribute to the species limited life. The review presents the results of experimental and clinical studies of peptide drugs in ageing, as well as the prospects of their use for the prevention and treatment of a number of cardiovascular, oncological, neurological, neurodegenarative, and other age-associated diseases.