Introduction: This study investigates Polymer Dots (PDs) as low-cost, dispersible nanomaterials to enhance cementitious materials, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional nanomaterials, including high cost and poor dispersion. Methods: PDs are synthesized via an ambient-temperature Schiff base reaction between ophenylenediamine and p-benzoquinone. The dispersion stability of PDs in simulated concrete pore solutions is evaluated using UV-vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Mechanical properties are assessed through compressive and flexural strength tests. Hydration kinetics are analyzed via isothermal calorimetry, while phase composition and microstructure are characterized using XRD, TGA/DTG, SEM, and MIP. Results: The incorporation of 0.2 wt.% PDs significantly improve the 28-day compressive and flexural strengths by 21.2% and 19.3%, respectively. PDs accelerate cement hydration, increasing the exothermic peak intensity by 31.8% and advancing its occurrence by 3.7 h. PDs enhance the formation of C-S-H gel, reduce total porosity, and refine pore structure with a higher proportion of harmless pores. Discussion: PDs act as effective nucleation sites, promoting hydration and densifying the microstructure through increased C-S-H formation and pore refinement. Their superior dispersion stability in alkaline environments overcomes a major limitation of traditional nanomaterials. However, the study is limited to Portland cement and PDs dosages ≤0.2 wt.%; further validation under broader mix designs and scaled synthesis is needed. Conclusion: PDs exhibit exceptional potential as a low-cost, highly dispersible nanoadditive for enhancing the mechanical performance of cementitious materials. This work lays the foundation for developing sustainable, high-performance concrete infrastructure through the innovative use of nanomaterials.

Introduction:: Dopamine (DA) is a crucial neurotransmitter in neurological and cardiovascular functions. Accurate measurement of DA in bodily fluids is essential for diagnosing conditions such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and heart failure. Traditional colourimetric methods that utilise horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to oxidise 3, 3’, 5, 5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) face limitations, including instability and purification challenges. Recently, MOFs have emerged as promising alternatives due to their stable structures and ease of storage. This study aims to develop a stable colorimetric method for detecting dopamine (DA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in human serum using MOF-2 for the first time. method: This study, MOF-2, was synthesised via a solvothermal method, followed by characterisation using FT-IR, SEM, and XRD techniques. The peroxidase-like activity of MOF-2 was assessed in a TMB and H2O2 system within an acetate buffer. Factors influencing this activity, including reaction time, pH, TMB concentration, and MOF-2 quantity, were systematically optimised. A calibration curve was established to measure H2O2 and DA in human serum samples, and the linear range, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated. result: The optimised method for H2O2 detection exhibited a linear range of 0.76 to 1200 μM, with a detection limit of 0.25 μM and recovery rates between 92.71% and 116.85%. For DA detection, the method showed a linear range of 16.15 to 108.29 μM, a LOD of 0.09 μM, and recoveries ranging from 95.74% to 115.78% in human serum samples. Discussion:: MOF-2 possesses significant peroxidase-mimicking activity, enabling robust and sensitive detection of H₂O₂ and DA. This method offers advantages over traditional HRP-based approaches in terms of stability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of preparation. Limitations include the need for further validation in clinical settings and comparison with standard diagnostic tools. Conclusion:: MOF-2 demonstrated significant peroxidase-like activity, successfully developing a reliable colorimetric method for determining H2O2 and DA in biological samples.

Introduction: Postoperative intracranial infections present significant therapeutic challenges in neurosurgery, with inadequate cerebrospinal fluid drainage and antimicrobial resistance constituting primary risk factors. The escalating prevalence of extensively drug-resistant pathogens necessitates combination therapy, particularly vancomycin-meropenem-sulbactam (VCM-MER-SUL) regimens for multidrug-resistant infections. Marked interpatient pharmacokinetic variability complicates dosing, prompting the development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for precise therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of these agents. Methods: Chromatographic separation was achieved on a BEH C18 column (Waters, 2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm particles) with 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and methanol (B) under gradient elution conditions: 95% A; 0.7 min, 70% A; 1.0 min, 5% A; 2.0 min, 5% A; 2.1 min, 95% A; 3.5 min, 95% A. The column oven and autosampler temperatures were maintained at 37°C and 15°C, respectively. The mobile phase flow rate was set at 0.4 mL/min. The ion transition was m/z 725.5 > 144.0 for VCM, m/z 383.7 > 141.1 for MER, m/z 234.1 > 124.0 for SUL, and m/z 390.0 > 114.1 for MER-D6 (internal standard). The one-step precipitation by acetonitrile was used for sample pretreatment. Results: The calibration range for VCM and SUL was established between 0.1 and 40 mg/L, whereas for MER, it was set from 0.02 to 8 mg/L. In all cases, the linearity of the calibration curves was deemed satisfactory; the method demonstrated acceptable accuracy and precision, with intra-day and inter-day bias ranging from -9.98% to 13.40%, while the corresponding imprecision remained below 12.85%. Additionally, the variability in internal standard-normalized recovery and matrix effects was controlled, showing coefficients below 12.76% and 8.77%, respectively. Stability assessments confirmed that all analytes remained within acceptable limits under the tested conditions. Discussion: Initial trials with an acetonitrile-water mobile phase yielded poor peak symmetry and inadequate resolution for all analytes. Subsequent systematic evaluation of organic modifiers (acetonitrile vs methanol) and formic acid concentrations identified a 0.1% formic acid aqueous/methanol gradient as optimal. This condition, implemented on a BEH C18 column at 37°C, delivered symmetric peaks for vancomycin, meropenem, and sulbactam within 3.5 min—markedly faster than most reported methods. A single-step acetonitrile protein precipitation doubled vancomycin recovery relative to methanol while maintaining high efficiency for the other analytes. The method’s calibration ranges, matrix effects, recoveries, and long-term stability under clinically relevant storage and handling conditions were fully validated and concordant with literature benchmarks. Conclusion: The method is fast, sensitive, accurate, and reliable, and has been verified in the study. The streamlined one-step protein precipitation method for sample preparation, coupled with rapid chromatographic separation (3.5 minutes), demonstrated suitability for clinical applications.

Background: Silver nanoparticles possess distinctive characteristics, including chemical stability, high thermal and electrical conductivity, and linear optical properties, making them unique and fascinating. The rise of green synthesis methods for silver nanoparticles is garnering significant interest among researchers, surpassing traditional chemical and physical approaches due to the environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and convenient nature of synthesis. This approach stands as a viable alternative across various sectors, encompassing research, industry, and environmental safety initiatives. Method: Parmotrema permutatum was utilized in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, followed by their characterization using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. These nanoparticles are subsequiently employed for detecting methylene blue, formaldehyde, and hazardous mercury metal ions as well as photocatalytically degrading methylene blue. objective: Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticle Using Parmotrema parmutatum Extract and Its Application in Colorimetric Sensing Results: The silver nanoparticle synthesized was confirmed by a color change and the maximum peak of the SPR band was at 420 nm in the UV spectrum. The crystal has face-centered cubic (FCC) structure with an average size of 12.78 nm. The lichen extract contains polyphenolic groups which act as capping agents. synthesized silver nanoparticles were used to detect formaldehyde and hazardous Hg2+ ions separately. A color change was observed. The detection limit of Hg2+ was 600 μL. Likewise, silver nanoparticles were used to degrade methylene blue. The blue color of methylene blue disappeared. The efficiency of silver nanoparticles was found to be 72% in 4 hours and 87.82% in 24 hours. Conclusion: Parmotrema permutatum has the potential to reduce Ag2+ to Ago and acts as a capping and stabilizing agent, it can be used to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles and can detect formaldehyde, and Hg2+ ions, in addition, it also degrades methylene blue photolytically.

Introduction: This study introduces basil seeds as a novel, low-cost, and environmentally friendly adsorbent for the removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions. The primary innovation of this work lies in the use of readily available basil seeds, which have not been widely explored for this purpose, to achieve high adsorption capacity and efficiency. Method: The adsorption process was systematically optimized by adjusting parameters such as time, temperature, pH, and ciprofloxacin concentration, with results showing maximum adsorption at 40 minutes, 70°C, and pH 7. Additionally, the study investigates the influence of interfering factors like competing ions and organic matter in water, providing a more realistic assessment of the material’s effectiveness. Result: The findings demonstrate that basil seeds offer a promising alternative to conventional adsorbents, presenting both environmental and economic advantages for water treatment applications. Conclusion: This work significantly advances current knowledge by proposing a sustainable solution for pharmaceutical pollutant removal from contaminated water. other: .

Introduction: The development of sustainable energy systems critically depends on efficient hydrogen storage materials. Conventional physisorption frameworks, such as MOFs and COFs, are constrained by weak binding energies and limited tunability, necessitating new molecular platforms with superior adsorption characteristics. Methods: We employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations with dispersion corrections to investigate the strategic functionalization of 2D hexaazatriphenylene (HAT), a nitrogen-rich, π- conjugated macrocycle, as a next-generation hydrogen storage platform. Various substituents, including electron-donating (−Bpin, −OH), electron-withdrawing (−NO2, −COH), and ambiphilic (−SF5, −SO3H) groups, were systematically incorporated to modulate adsorption properties. Results: Our findings reveal that functionalized HAT derivatives synergize van der Waals interactions, quadrupole coupling, and substituent-induced polarization, achieving hydrogen binding energies of up to −8.6 kJ·mol?¹, approaching the U.S. DOE target of 15 kJ·mol?¹ for physisorption-based materials. The HAT-PB (−Bpin) derivative exhibited optimal non-dissociative physisorption, maintaining an H–H bond length of 0.74 Å, minimal charge transfer (−0.041 e), and tunable HOMOLUMO gaps (6.4–7.2 eV). Discussion: This work closes a significant research gap by presenting the first systematic study of HAT derivatives for hydrogen storage. The nitrogen-enriched core of HAT enhances charge localization, while substituent engineering provides precise control over adsorption energy and reversibility. Conclusion: Our computational insights establish functionalized HAT frameworks as promising candidates for reversible hydrogen storage, offering a design blueprint that could accelerate the development of lightweight, high-capacity energy materials.

Abstract: In recent years, the development of convenient and rapid detection technologies has become an urgent priority due to the increasingly severe environmental pollution issues. Among various analytical approaches, the ratiometric fluorescence method (RFLM) is widely applied in the field of environmental pollutant sensing owing to the merits of high sensitivity and anti-interference ability. Firstly, unlike previous work, this review systematically reports the sensing modes of RFLM for the first time, concerning co-directional, contra-directional, and inconstant-constant variation modes. The sensing mechanisms of RFLM are also briefly outlined, such as aggregation-induced emission, intramolecular charge transfer, photoinduced electron transfer, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and inner filter effect, as well as the molecular imprinting technique. In addition, we discuss the enhancement of artificial intelligence (AI) for the analytical performance of RFLM. Subsequently, the review provides a detailed summary of recent advances over the past five years in RFLM-based applications, with a focus on luminescent materials, including inorganic nanomaterials and organic fluorophores. Finally, we propose the current challenges associated with RFLM in environmental pollutant sensing and outline potential directions for future research and development.

This study reviews the latest progress of ratiometric fluorescent probes of copper ions from 2022 till now. As a key trace element in biological systems, copper ions play an important role in a variety of biological processes. However, the abnormal change in copper ion concentration is closely related to a variety of diseases, so the development of highly sensitive and highly selective copper ion detection methods is of great significance for scientific research and clinical diagnosis. In this paper, we first introduced the classification of copper ion fluorescence probes, including molecular sensors based on five-membered azocycles, six-membered azocycles, imide groups (R2C=NR'), oxygen and nitrogen functional groups (such as ethers, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids and hydroxyl groups) and group VIA elements. Subsequently, the application of nanosensors in the detection of copper ions is further discussed, especially the nanosensors in which copper is used as a reactant, catalyst or alternative reaction. Finally, the current research status of copper ion fluorescence probes is summarized, and the future development direction is prospected in order to provide reference and inspiration for the design of new high-efficiency copper ion detection tools.

Aims: We aimed to discover novel biomarkers and to construct a prognosis model for assessing liver cancer prognosis. Background: Oxidative stress is a crucial factor that promotes the progression of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). This study was designed to develop a RiskScore model based on oxidative stress features. Objective: Development of a RiskScore for assessing liver cancer prognosis. Method: Publicly available databases (the ICGC-LIRI-JP, TCGA-LIHC, and GSE14520 cohorts) containing the RNA-seq and clinical data of LIHC patients were collected. Genes set of oxidative stress was obtained from the GeneCards database. The "limma" R package was employed to calculate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by conducting functional enrichment analysis performed with "clusterProfiler" R package. Then, a RiskScore was established using univariate/ multivariate and Lasso-Cox regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed applying the "survival" and "timeROC" R packages, respectively. Immune infiltration was analyzed by the CIBERSORT algorithm. Tumor cell migration and invasion were detected by applying wound healing and transwell assays. Results: A total of 4,118 DEGs (3,570 upregulated genes and 548 downregulated) were identified in the TCGA-LIHC cohort, while 1,623 DEGs (1,109 upregulated genes and 523 downregulated) were identified in the ICGC cohort. It was found that the upregulated DEGs were closely related to the cell cycle pathway, while the downregulated DEGs were linked to the metabolic pathway. A 4-gene RiskScore model accurately divided patients into high- and low-risk groups, showing strong classification effectiveness. Patients in the high-risk group exhibited significantly worse prognosis, elevated TIDE scores, frequent p53 mutations, and higher immune cell infiltration in both training and validation cohorts. In vitro experiments confirmed that these model genes were overexpressed in tumor cells as risk factors, with SPP1 notably influencing tumor migration and invasion. Further, combining the RiskScore and other clinical features, we developed a nomogram that can precisely guide survival assessment in LIHC. Finally, we found that the RiskScore was linked to oxidative stress and multiple metabolic pathways. Conclusion: We established a risk model based on the oxidative stress features to guide the treatment of LIHC.

Background: A simple and effective method to separate chlorogenic acid from Eucommia ulmoides leaves with macroporous resin was studied in this paper. Methods: In order to optimize the separation process of chlorogenic acid from Eucommia ulmoides leaves, dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out on a glass column filled with XDA-8 resin. Based on the First-principles calculation, the possible adsorption models were simulated. Results: Among the six macroporous resins, XDA-8 showed good adsorption/desorption capacity and a high adsorption/desorption ratio for chlorogenic acid. After being treated with XDA-8 resin once, the content of chlorogenic acid from the extraction increased by 525%, and the recovery of chlorogenic acid reached 85.36%. Conclusion: At 25°C, the adsorption behavior of chlorogenic acid on XDA-8 resin was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, by calculating the charge changes of the O atom at each position in the chlorogenic acid molecule and the H atom at the adsorption site in polystyrene molecule with resin skeleton, and combining with the electron cloud density distribution diagram of chlorogenic acid and resin skeleton, the adsorption of chlorogenic acid by XDA-8 resin is mainly due to the charge transfer, which causes the electron cloud to overlap.