Green leadership is an emerging paradigm in environmental governance that emphasizes visionary, ethical, and participatory approaches to sustainable development. It aligns policies, behaviors, and institutional practices with ecological priorities and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As environmental degradation and climate change continue to threaten ecosystems and livelihoods, the need for science-based, locally driven action becomes increasingly urgent. This paper explores the role of Local Government Units (LGUs) in the Philippines in advancing green leadership at the grassroots level. By synthesizing secondary data and case studies, it examines local environmental initiatives and highlights key themes such as solid waste management, climate adaptation, and public participation. Despite paper underscores the need for capacity-building, inclusive governance, and strategic planning to strengthen local green leadership and achieve long-term environmental resilience. Future research to develop adaptable frameworks that integrate green leadership into broader policy and performance structures is recommended.

The article involves a novel synthesized Schiff base from a pharmaceutical compound, involving the condensation of amoxicillin with 4-(dimethylamino)-2-hydroxy aldehyde in a basic medium. Spectroscopic techniques such as elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectrometry were used to characterize the new compound. These methods helped identify the formation of copper (II), silver (I), and gold (III) complexes with the Schiff base ligand (Amox-S). All compounds were evaluated for antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging, showing 71%-86% activity, which was considered good and comparable to the standard ascorbic acid. The corrosion inhibition ability of the Schiff base and its Cu(II) complex on carbon C45 in acidic media (1M hydrochloric acid) was also examined using weight loss measurements at 1x10-4 - 1x10-3 M, for varying immersion times (1-10 days) at lab temperature of 25±2οC to determine the most effective concentration. It was found that the optimal concentration of the ligand and its complex as anti-corrosives was 1x10-3 M, which significantly enhanced the protective qualities of the coating. This optimal concentration was then evaluated for corrosion protection using polarization methods and the absence and presence of the Schiff base ligand and its copper(II) complex at three temperatures (293, 303, and 313 K). The Amox-S maintained an inhibition efficiency of 91-92% across the temperature range, whereas the Cu-complex exhibited slightly superior performance with IE% values of 93-94%.

Crown flower (Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) Aiton f.) is a weed that has potential as a source of medical materials. In vitro culture through callus induction can be an alternative method for rapid multiplication and producing phytochemical compounds in a shorter time. The great potential of crown flower plants is still unutilized optimally in Indonesia. The research aimed to determine the effect of various concentrations of plant growth regulators on callus formation and the phytochemical contents of crown flower. Young stem explants of crown flower were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplemented with 6-benzyl amino purine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The research used a completely randomized design and callus formation time, fresh callus weight, callus morphology, flavonoids, and phytochemical contents were observed. The data were analyed using ANOVA and DMRT with a 5% level test. Treatments with 0.5 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D could induce faster and bigger calli than other treatments with 5.82 g callus weight, yellowish-green colour, and compact texture. The addition of BAP and 2,4-D into the culture medium was able to produce different compounds compared to the field grown plants. Based on the results, PGR’s combination are required for callus formation and the production of different phytochemical compounds. Therefore, crown flower can be more effectively utilized as a medicinal or industrial plant.

Recently, there has been a worldwide call to explore nature-friendly metabolites, which could enhance plant growth and substitute for chemically synthesized products. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the versatile metabolites that has a potential role for plant growth, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anticancer properties. Furthermore, IAA is commonly synthesized chemically; the majority of reagents used pose environmental pollution. In contrast, biosynthesis through controlled cultivation of endophytes from medicinal plants offers an environmentally sustainable approach. The current study investigates the endophytic bacterium Bacillus licheniformis SKAM1 isolated from the leaves of Humulus lupulus for IAA production. The identification and characterization of endophytic bacterium was carried out using biochemical and molecular methods. Furthermore, LC-MS analysis of the dried extract of Bacillus licheniformis SKAM1 identified multiple bioactive compounds, including IAA, with potential therapeutic and agricultural applications. Additionally, the IAA quantification was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) across different media. UPLC analysis reveals that Bacillus licheniformis SKAM1 produces IAA in Luria broth medium; the extracellular IAA concentration was determined to be 1.16 mg/mL, whereas the intracellular level reached 1.11 mg/mL. Similarly, culture in minimal medium with extracellular IAA produced at 0.11 mg/mL and intracellular IAA at 0.06 mg/mL. The current study paves the way for exploring the role of abiotic conditions for cost-effective IAA production.

Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a marine shrimp species introduced by the Department of Fisheries for experimental farming. It is currently being considered as a viable alternative to tiger prawn farming, which faces challenges such as slow growth rates. Concurrently, some farmers have independently adopted white shrimp aquaculture and reported notable success, including higher production rates compared to tiger prawns. As a result, many farmers have transitioned to white shrimp farming. However, given that white shrimp is a relatively new species in Thailand’s aquaculture sector, farmers continue to face significant challenges in farm management, fry hatchery procurement, pond rotation, feeding, production inputs, harvesting, and transportation. These difficulties are primarily due to the absence of a structured farm management plan, which hinders farmers from achieving consistent, high-quality yields. To address these challenges, this research employs a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to design and optimize the white shrimp aquaculture supply chain network. The model targets key aspects such as selecting fry hatchery dealers, managing farms (including shrimp pond rotation for continuous production), streamlining aquaculture operations, and optimizing shrimp harvesting for sale at shrimp floating raft markets. The primary objective is to maximize farmers' profits from shrimp aquaculture. The results indicate that the proposed MILP model functions effectively as a decision-support tool, achieving an 11.52% increase in profit compared to traditional manual planning methods.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a non-toxic, high-purity, and biocompatible polymer that is abundant in various bacteria and does not contain lignin, hemicellulose and pectin found in plant cellulose. High concentrations of carbon sources can limit yields of BC. One potential solution to enhance BC production is the use of elicitors like plant extracts; however, the use of plant extracts such as Aloe vera leaf extract remains limited. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of Aloe vera leaves on BC properties, glucose consumption, and synthesis rate by Komagataeibacter xylinus to increase BC volumetric production. Aloe vera extract was incorporated into the culture medium (given the conditions used), and BC was analyzed after 5 to 7 days of fermentation. The fermentation process at 30°C showed that increasing Aloe vera extract volume to 30% (v/v) improved glucose consumption, resulting in 3.35 g/L of BC accumulated in culture flasks. Adding different amounts of Aloe vera leaf extracts to the bacteria culture altered the morphology of the BC film and trapped Aloe vera extract inside the BC fibers. The treatment with 30% (v/v) Aloe vera leaf extract also resulted in a less homogeneous Aloe-BC morphological surface structure. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) crystallinity index of control BC improved from 83.70% to 93.70% compared to the 30% Aloe-BC. According to the IR spectral analysis, the presence of amine groups in dried BC samples is confirmed by the detected absorption in the 1536-1635 cm⁻¹ range, which indicates N–H bending vibrations. In conclusion, including Aloe vera leaf increased glucose intake, enhanced BC biomass, and altered the shape of the BC.

The biotechnological relevance of rhizosphere microbiomes with diverse mechanisms underlining their survival under harsh environments for improved plant nutrition and resilience against drought and phytopathogens cannot be over-emphasized. We aimed to isolate, screen, and molecularly identify plant growth-promoting bacteria from the maize soil sourced from different farmlands in the coastline areas of Ondo State, Nigeria. The bacteria isolated were identified molecularly using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Twenty culturable bacterial isolates were subjected to plant growth-promoting screening, biocontrol test, and drought, heavy metals [lead (PbSO4), cadmium (CdSO4), zinc (ZnSO4), and copper (CuSO4)], and salt (NaCl) tolerance tests. The three bacteria with positive results for the tests were selected and identified as Serratia marcescens BSE_1, Bacillus cereus BSA­_1, and Proteus mirabilis BSI_1. P. mirabilis BSI_1 exhibited biocontrol activities of 2.9 mm against the pathogenic fungus, Sclerotium rolfsii, and high tolerance of 41% and 46% to ZnSO4 and CdSO4 at 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively. The high PbSO4 tolerance of 89% and CuSO4 tolerance of 98% by S. marcescens BSE_1 and B cereus BSA_1 were recorded in an inoculated medium supplemented with 0.3% PbSO4 and CuSO4. The high salt (NaCl) tolerance of 76% at 0.1% and 0.2% were recorded for B. cereus BSA_1, and P. mirabilis BSI_1 compared to the control. The experimental trials involving greenhouse and field bioinoculation showed a significant effect of mixed drought-tolerant bacteria on maize growth compared to the control. Therefore, harnessing these rhizobacteria as bioinoculants to maximize coastal agricultural productivity can help ensure food security.

Two econommically significant melon groups, inodorus and cantalupensis, exhibit distinct differences in their respiration activity, which can significantly affect their postharvest quality and storage behavior. Identifying the two groups of melons is essential for determining the most effective postharvest handling practices. The aims of this study were to reveal the respiratory patterns of inodorus and cantalupensis melon-groups and to investigate their relationship to fruit quality for informing optimal postharvest handling. The treatments used were two groups of melons, inodorus and cantalupensis, with five replications (each treatment used three melon fruit samples). The fruit was stored in a modified drum with lighting, CO2 detector, temperature and humidity detector, and had been sterilized. The data were analyzed using F-test and mean comparisons with standard deviation. Subsequently, a post-hoc LSD was applied to identify significant differences and Pearson correlation was employed to examine the relationship among the parameters observed. The results indicated that CO2 concentration influenced the respiration rate and affected the fruit’s physical and nutritional characteristics. Cantalupensis exhibited a higher respiration rate than inodorus, leading to a shorter shelf life and a more noticeable decline in fruit quality. There was a positive correlation between CO2 and respiration rate (R= 0.28), causing reduced edible parts, total soluble solids (TSS), water content, and vitamin C in both melon groups. This study highlights that the respiratory patterns of the two melon groups differ, with cantalupensis being climacteric and inodorus non-climacteric. Therefore, tailoring of the postharvest handling practices for the two melon groups is required to prevent significant quality loss.

Farmers in the north part of Iraq still practice traditional ways in agriculture, and often perform in multi passes for land preparation with heavy tools generating hardpanning which can become a serious problem.One of the most effective and fast methods to control plough pan is subsoiler. Subsoiling is one of the most agricultural operations that needs power. Tines of subsoiler are main working part, and it has a significant effect in working type, energy consumption and soil resistance. Farmers in Iraq are restricted on using subsoiler due to limitation of tractor horse power.The goal of this study was to modify tine shape to enhance subsoiling operation and minimize draft force. The study was conducted using two types of subsoiler tines: traditional (T) and modified (M) type. The tines were tested in two types of soil texture, clay and silty loam and under different soil humidity, to evaluate tine work efficiency. The following traits were adopted as comparison parameters: stress, draft force (DF), soil loss efficiency (SLE), and depth stability ratio (DS). Finite element method was used to analyse stress forces on the tines in field experiments. The results showed that the modified tine was superior in performance for stress, DF, SLE and DS, recording the best values for these traits: 1312 Mpa, 4.95 kN, 215.79 cm2/kN and 98.91%, respectively. The algorithms for stress, DF, SLE and DS showed acceptable performance because their R2 scores were recorded as 0.989, 0.991, 0.991, and 0.998 as predictor variables. The modified tine revealed higher efficiency performance under different soil humidities ranging 10.24% to 19.11% in the silty loam and clay soil texture. From the field results and observation, modifying the tines shape had significant impact on the field performance of the subsoiler

The yield of agricultural crops is significantly influenced by climatic factors. This impact has been intensified as a result of rapid changes in agroclimatic indicators. These factors are constantly changing. Climate indicators such as temperature, precipitation amount and distribution, snowfall amount and duration, have shown significant changes over the past decades. The sustainability of agricultural farms can only be positive by treating them as sustainable agroecosystems. Technologies and agricultural practices need to be harmonized with ongoing climate changes. The study is based on a multi-year analysis of climatic indicators in the Korça region, examining the impact of these changes on morphological, physiological, and production of the forage pea "Voskopoja." Climatic changes was reflected in significant changes in green mass yield, seed numbers per pod and seed weight per pod (g) and seed yield. Climatic changes was not reflected in significant changes in the number of pods per plant and the weight of 1,000 seeds. Climate change showed significant effects on seed protein content and protein yield. Prcentage of protein content in seeds was higher in the year with the lowest amount of rainfall and the highest temperature of the April-June period. Protein yield (kg/ha) was the highest in the year with the greatest amount of rainfall and the lowest temperature of the April-June period. The experimental conclusions are based on the statistical analysis of variance between different climatic indicators and productivity.