Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) remains a major global health burden. Although conventional therapies are effective, they are often associated with systemic side effects, poor target specificity, and corticosteroid resistance. This study emphasizes the therapeutic potential of plant-derived bioactive compounds, when integrated into Nanostructured Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS), for improved COPD management. This is a narrative review based on a comprehensive literature search across major electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) up to July 2025. The analysis focused on phytochemicals with proven anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as on nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles, designed to enhance pulmonary targeting and delivery efficiency. Phytochemicals, including curcumin, baicalein, quercetin, berberine, and andrographolide, have shown remarkable efficacy in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in preclinical COPD models. However, their therapeutic utility is hindered by poor solubility and rapid metabolism. Integration into nanostructured carriers enhanced pulmonary accumulation by 3-6-fold, prolonged drug release up to 24-48 hours, and reduced dosing frequency by approximately 50%, while minimizing systemic toxicity.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Natural compounds derived from plants, such as Ipomoea batatas, have shown therapeutic potential for its treatment. A starch-based biopolymer was developed and functionalized with a methanolic extract of Ipomoea batatas (IBM). Its physicochemical properties, such as swelling capacity, encapsulation efficiency, and extract release, were evaluated. In vivo tests were conducted on diabetic Danio rerio using two administration routes: immersion and oral delivery. The biopolymer exhibited a swelling capacity of 333.03% and an encapsulation efficiency of 47.78%. In the zebrafish model, significant reductions in glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels were observed, along with inhibition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation in groups treated with IBM and BP-IBM. The results suggest that the biopolymer preserves the chemical integrity of the extract and improves its bioavailability, enabling a significant therapeutic effect. The dual administration routes provide flexibility and demonstrate the efficacy of the delivery system. The starch-based system functionalized with I. batatas extract proved to be a promising and non-toxic platform for the delivery of bioactive metabolites in type 2 diabetes models, with potential for future therapeutic applications.

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with a specific size range of 15-70 nm are usually considered nontoxic substances with superior antibacterial activity, making them strong candidates for wound dressing applications. Although SPIONs have significant antibacterial activity, their ability to treat infected wounds still needs to be explored. The objective of the present study was to synthesize antibacterial SPIONs (G-SPIONs) using aqueous garlic extract as a bioreducing agent and evaluate the synthesized G-SPIONsincorporated nanohydrogel for wound healing potential. Synthesized G-SPIONs were characterized by SEM, zeta potential, VSM, FTIR, etc. The antibacterial effects of G-SPIONs were evaluated against S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and E. coli, as compared to garlic extract. The synthesized G-SPIONs were further incorporated into the chitosanbased hydrogel (ChiG-SPIONs) to assess their wound healing potential using the in vivo rat model. The synthesized G-SPIONs had a positive surface charge of +3.82 mV and were spherical, with sizes ranging between 20-80 nm. Additionally, their hemo-biocompatible nature was confirmed by hemolysis assay. The magnetic nature of synthesized G-SPIONs was investigated using a vibrating sample magnetometer, and the saturation magnetization (Ms) was found to be 53.793emu/g. The in vivo wound healing study involving rats revealed a wound contraction rate of around 95% with improved skin regeneration. The histopathological examination demonstrated a faster rate of reepithelialization with regeneration of blood vessels and hair follicles. The results demonstrated that the developed ChiG-SPIONs could be a novel and efficient nanohydrogel dressing material for the effective management of wound infections.

The eye is one of the primary structures of the body that allows perception of the entire world. A person's activities rely entirely on having good vision, and any diseases or problems encountered with vision create a troublesome condition in life. Ocular delivery can potentially treat numerous eye-related disease conditions. The diseases that affect the eyes include glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, cataracts, conjunctivitis, diabetic retinopathy, keratitis, uveitis, Endophthalmitis, allergies, and others. The conventional dosage forms (eye drops, ointment) pose numerous challenges in treating ocular infections owing to their complex nature and several barriers. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning provide a preliminary diagnosis in the early stages of disease identification and are also useful during retinal surgery. The poor ocular penetration, low bioavailability, short retention time, and frequent administration are the limitations of conventional treatments. These limitations are easily solved with nanotechnology-driven approaches. The current state-of-the-art review explores eye physiology, barriers (precorneal, corneal epithelium, lacrimal sac, blood-ocular, and efflux protein), limitations of the conventional and nanotechnology-based delivery (Lipid-based, polymer-based, metal and inorganic NPs, vesicle-based NPs, and miscellaneous). These nanocarriers facilitate good permeation, extended retention time, augment solubility, improve bioavailability, improve patient comfort and compliance, and minimize dosage application. The nanocarriers are equally effective in treating the anterior and posterior regions of the eyes, whereas conventional ones have failed to treat them effectively. The recently approved agents and patents are elaborated on ocular drug delivery. Advancements in stem cell and gene therapy are also gaining attention for treating inherited and acquired retinal diseases.

Nanoparticle-based delivery systems have emerged as promising tools in oligonucleotide therapeutics, facilitating precise and targeted delivery to address several disease conditions. The multifaceted landscape of nanoparticle-based oligonucleotide delivery encompasses the fundamental aspects of nanotechnology in delivery systems, various classes of oligonucleotides, and the growing field of ON-based therapeutics. These ON-based therapeutics are utilized to target specific genetic sequences within cells, offering promising avenues for treating various diseases by regulating gene expression or interfering with specific cellular processes. The integration of nanotechnology in delivery systems offers several advantages, given their intricate systems. Being a diverse class of agents, oligonucleotides provide a wide range of potential owed to each class of agents that support therapeutic interventions. Oligonucleotide-based platforms have demonstrated their versatility in molecular targeting and intervention strategies. Moreover, the complexities and delivery challenges in oligonucleotide therapeutics are expected to be overcome by the application of nanotechnology-based platforms.Because nanoparticles can overcome biological barriers and improve bioavailability, stability, and specificity, their role in developing oligonucleotide delivery systems is greatly valued. The innovative solutions facilitated by nanoparticles are efficient strategies to address the arduous barriers. These strategies beat obstacles like enzymatic degradation, cellular uptake, and immune response, which in turn paves the way for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This review paper intends to explore the various applications of nanoparticle-mediated oligonucleotide delivery in a variety of diseases. It outlines the promising growth of therapies enabled by these systems, extending from cancer to genetic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. We have underscored the pivotal role of nanoparticle-based delivery systems in uncovering the full potential of oligonucleotide therapeutics, thereby fostering advancements in precision medicine and targeted therapies.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignant cancer worldwide, but the chemotherapy drugs used in the treatment of HCC patients have limited efficacy and cause severe side effects. To improve HCC treatment outcomes, a cancer cell membrane (CCM)-coated biomimetic nanodelivery system was designed to achieve enhanced anti-HCC effects. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was used to carry both sorafenib, which is used to treat advanced HCC, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The prepared nanoparticles (NPs) were coated with Huh-7 cell membranes to obtain biomimetic nanoparticles (SFINPs@CCM). The physicochemical properties of SFINPS@CCM were then characterized, and the drug loading efficiency, release rate, transverse relaxation rate for MRI, fluorescence targeting ability, and anti-HCC ability were evaluated. The SFINPS@CCM were successfully prepared. The loading efficiency of sorafenib in the SFINPs was 88.24%. The cumulative amount of sorafenib released from the SFINPs@CCM at 72 h was 72.96%. In vitro magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the transverse relaxation rate was 25.448 mM-1 s-1. Meanwhile, the fluorescent tracing verified the homologous targeting ability of SFINPs@CCM to Huh-7 cells. The cytotoxicity of SFINPS@CCM was 29.48±5.74%, which was significantly higher than that of the SFINPs. The study indicates that the SFINPs@CCM system achieves efficient drug delivery and enhances anti-HCC efficacy. While the results are encouraging, further research is needed to confirm broader applicability. The biomimetic nanodelivery system exhibits good targeting and excellent therapeutic effects, laying a technical foundation for preclinical studies.

Because of low immunogenicity, ease of modification, and inherent biosafety, peptides have been well recognized as vehicles to deliver therapeutic agents to targeted regions with improved pharmacokinetic characteristics. Enzyme-responsive self-assembled peptides (ERSAPs) show superiority over their naive forms due to their enhanced targeting efficacy and long-retention property. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in the therapeutic application of ERSAPs, mainly focusing on their self-therapeutic properties and potential as vehicles to deliver different drugs.

In recent years, there have been notable strides in developing mRNA vaccines, resulting in the creation of potent immunizations against diverse diseases. This review examines the most recent advancements in this field, focusing on their implications for future vaccine development. The pursuit of heightened vaccine efficacy is investigated through cutting-edge methods in adjuvant selection, delivery system optimization, and antigen selection. The review also explores the potential for personalized vaccines based on genetic profiles, along with the latest techniques to ensure vaccine stability and extend shelf life. Highlighting the versatility of mRNA vaccines in addressing emerging infectious diseases and their variations, the review underscores the significance of swift response plans and advanced technologies to counter evolving viral mutations. In summary, this in-depth analysis emphasizes how mRNA vaccines hold transformative potential in reshaping both therapeutic and preventive strategies. Notable achievements include the creation of extremely potent mRNA vaccinations against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic. Ongoing efforts to address challenges like long-term immune protection and increase the effectiveness and stability of mRNA vaccines are also discussed. This review's main goal is to provide a thorough summary of current advancements in mRNA vaccine technology while exploring how these advances may impact future approaches to treating and preventing different diseases.

M. oleifera is the most adapted tree species in different medicinal eco-systems and has resilience against climate changes. This multiple-use tree provides healthy foods, snacks, honey, and fuel. Besides this, it has immense promising applications by offering antimicrobial and antibacterial activities for targeted uses. This validates the court of Hippocrates that let food be the medicine and medicine be the food for which moringa qualifies. The objective of this study is to assess the antioxidant properties of M. oleifera, in vitro antibacterial activity of hydro-ethanolic extract, and further investigate in vivo healing potential of M. oleifera for corneal ulcers and in silico analysis. To evaluate the antioxidant and in vitro antibacterial potency of the hydro-ethanolic extract of M. oleifera on clinically isolated multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion assay. Furthermore, in vivo, healing response of M. oleifera extract was analysed on corneal ulcers induced in rabbit eyes infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The M. oleifera extract exhibited exponential antioxidant activity. In-vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion assay showing zone of inhibition ranging from 11.05 ± 0.36 to 20 ± 0.40 mm at concentrations of 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/ml, whereas, in our finding, no zone of inhibition was observed below 20 mg/ml concentration, which indicated that there is threshold limit below which the antibacterial activity of M. oleifera extract is not observed. Furthermore, continuous application of 3% and 5% M. oleifera extract (eye drop) four times a day for 14 consecutive days showed a significant healing response of the eyes of rabbits with corneal ulcers. These results suggest that M. oleifera extract could be a viable alternative or in combination could be used in existing antibacterial therapies for corneal ulcers. Additionally, there is a possibility of commercial formulation of M. oleifera extract in the form of deliverable pharmaceutical products; therefore, it should be explored further.

The aim of the study is to prepare entecavir (ETV)-loaded orodispersible films (ODFs) using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) graft copolymer (Kollicoat® IR) as a film-forming agent, and further to evaluate the dissolution rate, mechanical and physicochemical properties of films. ETV-ODFs were prepared by a solvent casting method. The amount of film-forming agent, plasticizer, and disintegrating agent was optimized in terms of the appearance, thickness, disintegration time and mechanical properties of ODFs. The compatibility between the drug and each excipient was conducted under high temperature (60 °C), high humidity (RH 92.5%), and strong light (4500 Lx) for 10 days. The dissolution study of optimal ODFs compared with the original commercial tablet (Baraclude®) was performed using a paddle method in pH 1.0, pH 4.5, pH 6.8, and pH 7.4 media at 37 °C. The morphology of ODFs was observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS), elastic modulus (EM), and percentage elongation (E%) of ODFs were evaluated using the universal testing machine. The physicochemical properties of ODFs were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The related substances were less than 0.5% under high temperature, high humidity, and strong light for 10 days when ETV was mixed with excipients. The optimal formulation of ODFs was set as the quality ratio of Kollicoat® IR, glycerol, sodium alginate (ALG-Na): TiO2: MCC+CMC-Na: ETV was 60:9:12:1:1:1. The drug-loaded ODFs were white and translucent with excellent stripping property. The thickness, disintegration time, EM, TS, and E% were 103.33±7.02 μm, 25.31±1.95 s, 25.34±8.69 Mpa, 2.14±0.26 Mpa, and 65.45±19.41 %, respectively. The cumulative drug release from ODFs was more than 90% in four different media at 10 min. The SEM showed that the drug was highly dispersible in ODFs, and the XRD, DSC, and FT-IR results showed that there occurred some interactions between the drug and excipients. In conclusion, the developed ETV-loaded ODFs showed relatively short disintegration time, rapid drug dissolution, and excellent mechanical properties. This might be an alternative to conventional ETV Tablets for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.