Introduction: Infectious diseases are the root cause of approximately thirteen per cent of all documented cancer cases; they also significantly contribute to global cancer rates. The 4 th major recurring cause of cancer in women, the human papillomavirus (HPV) alone, is responsible for 31% of all infection-related malignancies. Nanotechnology for precision therapeutics has shown significant promise in managing major infectious disorders. The unique qualities and capabilities of nanoparticles have been demonstrated in the delivery of antiviral medications, vaccine development, and disease identification. Method: A comprehensive literature review was conducted by analyzing data from electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. This study examined different kinds of nanoparticles, including lipid nanoparticles, metal-based nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and protein-based nanoparticles. Mechanism of action of various nanoparticles with the help of passive targeting, active targeting, and enzymatic targeting. In this review, various applications of nanoparticles are included for viral infections, bacterial infections, cancer therapy, and vaccine delivery. Results: Nanotechnology-based approaches demonstrated enhanced precision in the delivery of various medications by improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity. Nanocarriers enabled targeted drug delivery, sustained release, and improved bioavailability in preclinical infectious disease models. Nanotechnology characteristics and size make it simple to penetrate bacterial membranes and target particular enzymatic and biosynthetic pathways. Nanoparticles combat infections in a number of ways. More precisely, they act as natural antibacterial or serve as carriers for an internal antibiotic drug delivery system. These advancements highlighted nanotechnology’s potential to revolutionize infectious disease management through personalized and efficient treatment strategies Discussion: The findings suggest that nanotechnology will be extremely effective in treating infectious disorders as long as research and technological developments continue. With the help of leading-edge technologies such as genomics, computational science, and artificial intelligence, pertinent research is developing quickly for the treatment of infectious disorders Conclusion: Nanotechnology's quick progress has given rise to a multipurpose "Swiss Army knife" instrument for fighting inflammatory and infectious disorders. As adjuvants and vaccine delivery, nanotechnology can boost the immunogenicity of the antigen as well as immune responses while promoting strong humoral and cellular immunity to ward off infection by pathogens. Additionally, nanotechnology can have direct anti-inflammatory and anti-pathogenic effects. It is often used as a drug delivery system to precisely and continuously administer drugs to infection and symptom areas.

Introduction: Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDS) represent a major advancement in drug administration, offering a non-invasive alternative to oral and injectable routes. This system enables controlled release of therapeutic agents through the skin directly into the bloodstream, bypassing first-pass metabolism and boosting bioavailability. Methods: This review was drawn up by conducting a comprehensive literature search in scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2000 and 2025 using the keywords transdermal drug delivery, nanocarriers, liposomes, niosomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, invasomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and nanocrystals. Results: However, limitations such as low permeability for large and hydrophobic molecules have driven the development of new nanotechnologies. Nano-based systems like microemulsions, niosomes, liposomes, ethosomes, and transferosomes are promising strategies to overcome these barriers. Discussion: Microemulsions improve drug solubility and permeation thanks to their small droplet size, while niosomes and liposomes enhance drug stability and allow for controlled release. Ethosomes, with their ethanol-enhanced flexibility, enable deeper skin penetration, and transferosomes can deform and pass through narrow pores, overcoming the skin’s natural barrier Conclusion: These innovations improve drug delivery by increasing skin penetration, protecting active ingredients from degradation, and supporting targeted, sustained release. Incorporating these nanotechnologies into TDDS has the potential to revolutionize drug delivery and provide more effective, patient-friendly treatments. Ongoing research and clinical trials continue to explore these systems’ full potential, aiming to improve their effectiveness, safety, and suitability for treating a wide range of diseases.

Abstract: Diabetic wounds represent a severe complication of diabetes mellitus, often resulting in delayed healing due to persistent hyperglycemia, impaired blood flow, oxidative stress, and a heightened risk of microbial infection. These factors disrupt normal wound healing processes, such as re-epithelialization, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis. Conventional formulations like creams and ointments commonly face challenges, including rapid washout, low drug penetration, poor bioavailability, and short-duration release, making them inadequate for chronic wound treatment. This review explores the application of nanoformulations in diabetic wound healing, with data compiled from scientific databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar (2000-2024). Nanoformulations, including nanoparticles, liposomes, nanofibers, hydrogels, transferosomes, and ethosomes, demonstrate superior outcomes in terms of bioavailability, sustained drug release, skin permeation, and targeted therapeutic action. Herbal nanoformulations (e.g., curcumin, ellagic acid, Ocimum tenuiflorum) and synthetic drug-based systems (e.g., pioglitazone, vildagliptin) have shown enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regeneration properties in both in vitro and in vivo models. Notably, patented technologies from recent years illustrate innovative formulations that accelerate healing and reduce recurrence. These nano-carrier systems mitigate the limitations of traditional formulations, providing long-acting, biocompatible solutions that support angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen deposition. The review underscores the necessity for further clinical translation to validate efficacy and safety in large patient populations.

Abstract: Niosomes (Niosomes), as Non-Ionic Surfactant (NIOs)-based vesicles, have emerged as versatile nanocarriers in the targeted delivery of drugs due to their biocompatibility, chemical stability, and ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Their utility has gained significant traction in addressing challenges associated with conventional therapies, for chronic and resistant diseases, Tuberculosis (TB), and cancer. This review critically evaluates the role of NIOs in the formulation of Niosomes, emphasizing their influence on clinical efficacy, pharma-cokinetics, and targeted drug delivery. It also explores the emerging patent landscape and transla-tional potential of Niosomes systems in TB and oncology. A comprehensive literature and patent database search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Elsevier, SpringerLink, and ClinicalTrials.gov, as well as Google Patents, USPTO, and WIPO, covering publications and patents from 20202025 onwards. The relevant studies, clinical trials, and granted patents involving Niosomes formulations with NIOs were systematically analyzed for their for-mulation design, therapeutic outcomes, and disease-specific applications. The study showed a no-table rise in research and patents on Niosomes drug delivery using NIOs categories. In TB, these systems enhanced Bioavailability (BA), sustained drug release, and targeted macrophages. In cancer therapy, they enabled controlled release, minimized side effects, and improved tumor tar-geting. The recent patents highlight advances in combination therapies, responsive systems, and ligand-based targeting, reflecting a trend toward personalized medicine. NIOs play a critical role in modulating the performance of Niosomes drug carriers. Their strategic application in TB and oncology represents a promising avenue for improving therapeutic outcomes. Continued research and innovation in this field, as reflected by patent trends, highlight the translational potential of NIO-based Niosomes formulations toward clinical use.

Background: Buchanania lanzan (Chironji), a medicinal species of the Anacardiaceae family, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Its clinical use is lim-ited due to low solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Objective: To review the phytochemical profile, pharmacological activities, and nanoformulation strategies of Buchanania lanzan to enhance its therapeutic potential. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for publications from 2010 to 2025 using keywords including “Buchanania lanzan”, “Chironji”, “phytochemistry”, “pharmacological activity” and, “nanoformulation.” Only peer-reviewed articles in English directly pertaining to B. lanzan were included, with emphasis on studies from the past five years. Data on plant parts, extraction methods, phytochemicals, phar-macological effects, and nanoformulations were systematically collected and categorized. Results: Buchanania lanzan contains multiple bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tan-nins, alkaloids, glycosides, and essential oils. Nanoformulation techniques-such as polymeric na-noparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, and solid lipid nanoparticles-were able to improve solu-bility, stability, absorption, and controlled release. These strategies can potentially address bioa-vailability limitations and expand the plant’s applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. Conclusion: Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to optimize the medicinal benefits of Buchanania lanzan. Further research is required to establish clinical efficacy, standardize formu-lations, and enable large-scale production for broader therapeutic use.

Herbal medicine and its active phytochemicals have been used since ancient times to cure, mitigate, and treat various health issues, such as inflammation, wounds, fever, cough, cold, diabetes, viral diseases, cancers, etc. Different databases, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Pubchem, and ScienceDirect, were searched exhaustively to find potent herbal leads and their novel carrier systems. Literature was collected from these databases for the last twenty years. Various research articles, review articles, books, and patents were referred for screening of the herbal bioactives. In the recent past, herbal medicine-derived bioactives like curcumin, paclitaxel, catechin, betulinic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, resveratrol, glycyrrhizin, silybin, berberine and many more have been reported for several pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, etc. However, they have limitations like low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability, which restrict their therapeutic efficacy and clinical use. In this context, Novel Carrier Systems (NCSs) are promising to overcome the problems of herbal bioactives. NCSs, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nanocapsules, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, phytosomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, etc., have been utilized to encapsulate the bioactives and drugs to enhance their solubility, permeability, elimination half-life, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, they protect the drugs/herbal bioactive from the gastric environment and minimize the dose-associated toxicity. Recent advances in the various approaches, including new methodology, analytical techniques, delivery mechanism, materials, loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro and in vivo models, were considered in the compilation of this review article. It was found that NCSs are pioneering in drug delivery and targeting. The present study highlights the importance of herbal bioactives, advanced NCSs, patents, and their clinical trial status.

Objective: The majority of new chemical substances generated by the drug development process are poorly water-soluble or lipophilic. Formulation of a poorly water-soluble substance is a difficult task for the pharmaceutical industry. It is widely acknowledged that using nanosuspension in drug administration enhances the drug’s solubility, dissolution, and ultimately bioavailability. This study aimed to examine the particle sizes of nanosuspensions made by nanoprecipitation techniques and improve their effectiveness. Methods: Aprepitant’s nanosuspension has been produced by nanoprecipitation techniques. The particle size, polydispersity index, along zeta potential of the produced nanosuspensions were measured. The optimized nanosuspension has been investigated further for solubility, dissolution, surface morphology, FT-IR, DSC as well as stability studies. Results: The combination of tween 80 and poloxamer 188 as stabilizer resulted in the preparation of an optimized nanosuspension (F9) with a particle size of 738 nm, polydispersity index 0.236, zeta potential -15.1 mV and an improved solubility and dissolution profile compared to pure drugs. Positive performance improvement was observed in the solubility and dissolution studies. The crystallinity changed upon nanosizing, as demonstrated by the SEM, FT-IR and DSC analysis. Conclusion: The nanoprecipitation method was effective in producing a stable Aprepitant nanosuspension with improved solubility and dissolution rate.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder, requires lifelong insulin therapy, typically administered via subcutaneous injections. Despite its efficacy, the invasive nature of injections and patient non-compliance highlight the need for alternative non-invasive delivery systems. This study proposes the development of a novel oral insulin delivery system using PEGylated liposomal nanocarriers functionalized with sodium taurocholate, aiming to enhance insulin bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. PEGylation serves to protect insulin from enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, while sodium taurocholate facilitates improved absorption by modulating intestinal permeability. The prepared formulation was characterized for size, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency, followed by in vitro studies evaluating its protective ability against enzymatic degradation and absorption enhancement. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in diabetic animal models assessed the bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy, and controlled release of the oral insulin formulation. The results of this study are expected to demonstrate that the PEGylated liposomal insulin formulation offers a promising, non-invasive alternative to subcutaneous injections, improving patient compliance and optimizing insulin therapy.

Background: An antibiotic called doxorubicin is produced by the Streptomyces peuce-tius bacterium, which is a member of the anthracycline drug class and is used in chemotherapy. Usually, doxorubicin is employed to cure solid tumors in children and adult patients. The physical and biological stability of the medicine can be increased by encasing it in nanoparticles, which increases the active pharmaceutical ingredient's bioavailability. Objective: This study aimed to create lungs targeting doxorubicin-loaded biodegradable polymer-ic nanoparticulate system by utilizing an appropriate method and conducting its evaluation. Methods: The polymeric nanoparticles using biodegradable polymers were prepared by the emul-sion polymerization method. Franz- diffusion cells were utilized to conduct in-vitro drug diffu-sion investigations. Results: Based on the outcomes of the experiments carried out for the research, polymeric nano-particles of doxorubicin were prepared utilizing different concentrations of chitosan, Sodium al-ginate, and PLGA. The visual appearance of doxorubicin polymeric nanoparticles shows homo-geneous dispersion with no phase separation form. The percentage yield, % entrapment efficien-cy, and drug content obtained for the final formulation were 93.43 ± 1.776, 87.31 ± 1.075, and 91.98 ± 0.493, respectively. A size dimension of 174.51 nm with a PDI of 0.242 and zeta poten-tial value of -36.1 mV of prepared nanoparticles demonstrate the stability of the formulation. The presentation of the PNPs of the optimized formulation having 310mg Tween 80 showed in vitro diffusion of 98.93% ± 0.296 % and an increased flux rate. Based on the determination coeffi-cients, the Higuchi model (K0 = 20.43 and R2= 0.982) was determined to have the best fit for the release data. Conclusion: Based on the trials conducted during the investigation, it was determined that the emulsion polymerization technique was best for the fabrication of the polymeric nanoparticles by utilizing different concentrations of chitosan, Sodium alginate, and PLGA. The formulation F6 containing 310mg Tween 80 suggested improved in vitro diffusion following the Higuchi model throughout all formulations. The findings suggest that a sustained process was responsible for the drug's release from the doxorubicin polymeric nanoparticles.

Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening condition characterized by severe invasion of inflammatory cells, lung edema, and the development of intestinal fibrosis. The activation of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and others results in the development of several risk factors for ALI. It has been observed that no viable therapies for lung injuries exist. Therefore, there is a significant need for healthcare requirements. However, few effective nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments are available, which may have assisted doctors in reducing the likelihood of illness development. Still, not much progress has been made in illness management. Objectives: This review aimed to briefly discuss pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for treating ALI. Methods: Nowadays, drug delivery and illness diagnosis are the most advanced areas of modern nanotechnology research, particularly concerning the lungs. So, we focused on various novel approaches, viz., organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and bio nanoparticles, that combat ALI and improve lung functions. This review discussed many studies and the advancement of different nanomaterials as novel drug carriers in the lungs that can influence the immune system, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and improving lung functions. Results: Another aspect of studying nanotechnology is the release kinetics of nanoparticles and safety when administered to a targeted tissue. Conclusion: The higher uptake of nanomaterials and, thus, the drugs is another advancement in nanotechnology. Herein, we explored different approaches to improving and curing acute lung injury.