Introduction: 8-Hydroxyquinoline derivatives are compounds isolated from plants that possess a wide range of pharmacological activities. In our previous work, a series of novel 8- hydroxyquinoline derivatives was synthesized. Among them, the compound 5c, 7-((4-(o-tolyl) piperazine- 1-yl) methyl)-5-nitroquinolin-8-ol, demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activity against five plant pathogenic fungi with EC50 values ranging from 4.69 to 12.61 μg/mL. Methods: This investigation principally focused on determining the potential mechanisms of compound 5c using Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) as a model. Results: The electron microscope observations revealed that after being treated with compound 5c at 5 μg/mL, the mycelia became obviously curved, collapsed, and its integrity of the cell membrane was eventually destroyed. Discussion: The compound 5c influenced the production of reactive oxygen species, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and nuclear morphology. In addition, compound 5c inhibited the enzyme activities related to mitochondrial function. Conclusion: These findings will deepen our insights into the mechanisms of action of 8- hydroxyquinoline against B. cinerea and open new directions for the future development of effective antifungal agents to control phytopathogenic fungi.

Introduction: Based on 24 previously synthesized indole derivatives bearing 1,3,4- thiadiazole moieties, further evaluation of their antiviral potential against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was conducted. The anti-TMV potential of compound Z23 was assessed via multimodal analysis and compared with that of ningnanmycin (NNM). Methods: The anti-TMV activity of the synthesized derivatives was evaluated via in vivo curative and protective assays. Target engagement was analyzed using microscale thermophoresis (MST) and molecular docking with tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMV-CP). Additionally, their physiological impacts were assessed through the quantification of malondialdehyde (MDA) and chlorophyll content. Results: Z23 demonstrated stronger in vivo antiviral activity than NNM, with curative and protective EC50 values of 96.7 and 71.9 μg/mL, respectively (NNM: 194.5 and 159.2 μg/mL). MST analysis indicated higher TMV-CP binding for Z23 (Kd = 0.03202 μmol/L) versus NNM (Kd = 1.86660 μmol/L). Molecular docking confirmed stable Z23 TMV-CP interactions through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces. The determination of MDA and chlorophyll content showed that Z23 could improve the disease resistance of tobacco. Discussion: These findings demonstrate the superior antiviral efficacy of Z23 compared to the reference NNM, likely mediated by potent TMV-CP binding and the induction of host defense responses. This positions Z23 as a highly promising lead compound. However, further in-plant validation and field studies are warranted. Conclusion: 1,3,4-Thiadiazole-modified indole derivatives have laid the foundation for the development of new antiviral agricultural chemicals.

Boric acid, a weak monobasic Lewis acid of boron, exists as a white solid that crystallizes from aqueous solutions in triclinic waxy plates. The major role of boric acid in the treatment of Candida vaginitis is through its antifungal properties, which help inhibit the growth of the Candida yeast responsible for the infection. Treatment for Candida vaginitis involves antifungal medications, which are commonly administered orally or topically to eliminate the Candida yeast causing the infection. In this study, we employed the Djokovic-Winkler relation to enumerate the distance of each pair of compounds in the molecular graph. Analytical and computational techniques were employed to characterize the physical and chemical properties of boric acid, which help in the treatment of Candida vaginitis. Moreover, this study introduces the Sadhana index and PI index, derived from specific polynomials (omega, theta, sadhana, and PI), to identify the antifungal properties most conducive to antifungal medications.

Ripasudil hydrochloride or 4-Fluoro-5-{[(2S)-2-Methyl-1,4- diazepan-1-yl] sulfonyl isoquinoline hydrochloride known as K-115 is used for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. In the API industry, to achieve and ensure the quality of drug substances, there is a need for impurity identification, synthesis, and characterization. The impurities are formed during the process, either side reaction or degradation or carried over from the starting material. The present study explores two new process impurities of Ripasudil Hydrochloride dihydrate, specifically Impurity-1(4-fluoro-5-{[(3R)-3-methyl-4-(2- nitrolbenzenesulfonyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl] sulfonyl} isoquino line) and Impurity-2 (4- fluoro-N, N-dimethyl isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide). These impurities are critical to the quality of both the drug substance and the final drug product. The API crude samples were subjected to LC-mass spectrometry for the identification of unknown impurities and further based on the observed mass values, a strategic synthetic route was designed for the synthesis of unknown impurities. The synthetic routes for these impurities were developed to avoid column purification, achieving high yields and purity. The above synthesized impurities were subjected to spectral analysis like mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR and confirmed the desired structure of the unknown impurities. So, as far as we know, the two impurities are new process impurities and have not been reported in the literature. The two new process impurities have been prepared and used as impurities for the method development and quality evaluation of the Ripasudil drug substance. Given the regulatory significance of Ripasudil hydrochloride, our successful synthesis and characterization efforts have proven to be valuable. This research offers valuable insights into the generic pharmaceutical industry.

The global threat of infectious diseases has been aggravated by the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. To combat the situation, 1,2,4-triazoles and their derivatives have a distinct role in the field of medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry. The 1,2,4-triazole scaffold has emerged as a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry due to its broad spectrum of biological activities, particularly its potent antibacterial properties. Over the years, extensive research has been conducted to explore synthetic strategies for 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and evaluate their antibacterial potential. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in synthetic methodologies, including conventional, green, and catalysed approaches, as well as innovations in functional group modifications that emphasize their antibacterial properties from 2009 to the present. This review provides a critical appraisal of the progress made in the field and identifies challenges and opportunities for the future development of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as antibacterial agents. The findings aim to guide researchers in designing novel derivatives with enhanced potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic profiles.

Hydrazonoyl halides and methylhydrazinecarbodithioate have been generally utilized in the synthesis of heterocycles. This study describes a new and simple method to prepare new thiadiazoles from the reaction of N-(naphthalen-1-yl)-2-oxopropanehydrazonoyl chloride or ethyl 2-chloro-2-(2- (naphthalen-1-yl)hydrazono)acetate with methylhydrazinecarbodithioate in the presence of basic medium under reflux. In this study, the synthetic schemes are designed to show the chemical reactions. Elements analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Mass Spectrometry (MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) are used to identify and characterize the final compounds. There are two ways to synthesize the final thiadiazoles molecules. The first can be through nucleophile substitution of thiolate of methylhydrazonecarbodithioate to the chlorinated carbon of hyd r a z o n o yl . Hydrochloric acid is then removed to provide an S-alkylated intermediate. Methanethiol is eliminated from this intermediate by an in situ intramolecular cyclocondensation process to give the final products. The subsequent [3+2] cycloaddition involving 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrilimines to C=S is succeeded by the removal of methanethiol. This approach utilizes affordable, readily accessible reagents and simple reaction conditions to produce new thiadiazole derivatives with satisfactory yields.

The author has identified an error in the department of the authors in the article titled "Highly Efficient Bimetallic Catalyst for the Synthesis of N-substituted Decahydroacridine-1,8-diones and Xanthene-1,8-diones: Evaluation of their Biological Activity" published in Current Organic Synthesis, 2024, 21(3) [1]. Details of the error and a correction are provided here. ORIGINAL 1. SANDEEP T. ATKORE Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, 431004, Maharashtra, India 2. PRANITA V. RAITHAK Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, 431004, Maharashtra, India CORRECTED 1. SANDEEP T. ATKORE Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, 431004, Maharashtra, India 2. PRANITA V. RAITHAK Department of Botany, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, 431004, Maharashtra, India We regret the error and apologize to readers. The original article can be found online at: https://www.benthamscience.com/article/136681.

A new series of 4-hydroxy-8-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3- carboxamide derivatives has been synthesized in good yields, followed by complete characterization using 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and IR techniques. The final products contain amide, hydroxyl, and aromatic functional groups that usually show significant bioactivity. The target products have been examined towards three cancer cell lines, namely colorectal cancer cell line (HCT116), breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), and leukemia cell line (K562) in addition to the fibroblast cells, that were used as a model for normal human tissue. The anticancer results signified that compound 6 showed the most activity in the series accomplished with IC50 values of 14.6, 5.3 and 12.8 µM, Conclusion: Other compounds exhibited considerable activity, such as compounds 9 (IC50 3.5 and 19.0 µM), 10 (IC50 12.6 µM), and 11 (IC50 10.3 µM) against the three cancer cell lines HCT116, MCF-7 and K562, respectively.

The objective of this study is to compute the Kirchhoff index and resistance distance for two classes of windmill graphs, namely the French windmill graph and the Dutch windmill graph. In this study, G is considered a simple connected graph with vertex set V (G) and edge set E(G). N is supposed to represent a network derived from G by substituting a 1-ohm resistor for each edge of G. In that case, the resistance between υ,ν ∈ V (G) is considered analogous to the resistance between two equivalent nodes in network N. We employed techniques from electrical network theory to compute the resistance distance and Kirchhoff index. The Kirchhoff index of G is the sum of the resistance distances between all pairs of vertices in G. Our computations revealed specific patterns and relationships in the resistance distances and Kirchhoff indices across different classes of windmill graphs. In addition, the Kirchhoff index and resistance distance are computed in this study for specific generalizations of these graphs. The derived equations can inspire further investigation into the resistance distance and Kirchhoff index in real-world windmill networks. Additionally, they offer a chemical framework for future research, aiding in the determination of molecular structures and characteristics.