Abstract Purpose of Review The population of the world is aging and increasing age has been associated with increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, OSA in the elderly has not received much attention. The purpose of the present narrative review is to provide a comprehensive overview on what is known about the specific features of OSA, its consequences and treatment in the elderly. Recent Findings The number of studies regarding OSA in the elderly is very limited. The clinical presentation of OSA in the elderly differs from the clinical presentation of OSA in middle-aged people. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the risks caused by untreated OSA in the elderly differ from the risks in middle-aged patients with less focus on sleepiness, hypertension and cardiovascular health and more concerns on cerebrovascular health, cognition and perhaps even the risk of falls. However, the treatment of especially severe symptomatic OSA seems to have many benefits also in the elderly. Several studies suggest that CPAP adherence may also be good among the elderly. There is also emerging evidence of cost effectiveness of CPAP treatment in the elderly. Ongoing studies will reveal the effect of CPAP on cognitive decline and the risk of falls. Summary Taking into consideration that the population is aging, there is an urgent need for larger studies especially on the phenotypes of OSA in the elderly and identifying groups benefiting from and adhering to CPAP therapy.

Purpose of ReviewPleural mesothelioma (PM) is a rare but fatal cancer of the pleural surface. Most patients have a poor prognosis, despite treatment advances which have improved outcomes. Recent research has focused on improving diagnosis, prognostication and monitoring through radiological, histological and molecular techniques. This review will cover its clinical implications and highlight areas where practice is changing.Recent FindingsChanges in tumour classification and histological reporting have formalised the differentiation between benign, pre-malignant and malignant pleural disease. CT and thoracic ultrasound (TUS) have good diagnostic yields for pleural biopsy, but PET-CT does not increase diagnostic yield for repeat sampling. immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for BAP1 and MTAP/CDKN2A pathological samples can increase diagnosis rates, while serum mesothelin shows promise for disease monitoring. Phase 3 RCT results mean dual immunotherapy is the new standard of care, whereas there is no role for extended pleurectomy decortication surgery for PM.SummaryBest practice for PM diagnosis and management is changing at pace. Key areas for future research involve improving PM diagnostics, therapeutics and targeted therapies. An awareness of active research and clinical trials is essential for clinicians to seek for the best outcomes for their patients.

This review aims to summarize the available literature to identify the incidence and risk factors for persistent interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) following hospitalization for COVID-19. The current and prospective treatment options are reviewed in an effort to help pulmonary practitioners care for this burgeoning patient population. Statistical modeling suggests that 11.7% of all patients hospitalized with COVID-19 have irreversible fibrotic features on long-term follow-up imaging. The available evidence suggests that up to 30% of patients have ILAs following COVID-19 hospitalization. The radiographic abnormalities improve or resolve in a majority of these patients. However, estimates suggest that up to one-third of these patients have irreversible fibrotic features. Clinical trials of the impact of anti-fibrotic agents are ongoing. As there continue to be thousands of COVID-19 hospitalizations in the USA each week, the management of post-COVID ILAs will become a common problem for the pulmonary practitioner.

The landscape of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly changed over the past 3 years. Paralleling this evolution, the scientific and medical communities have reported many novel findings relating to the infection's epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment. We review pertinent studies of COVID-19 therapeutics with an emphasis on their application to lung transplant recipients. Agents that have been well-studied for treating COVID-19 include antivirals (remdesivir, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, molnupiravir), monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulators (for example, corticosteroids and tocilizumab). Remdesivir remains an essential therapy for managing mild-moderate COVID-19. Though highly efficacious for mild-moderate COVID-19 for outpatient therapy, ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir has limited use in lung transplant recipients due to significant drug-drug interactions. Monoclonal antibodies, though useful, are the most affected by the emergence of new viral variants.