An investigation of morphometric parameter for the Umtung River basin, situated in Meghalaya, India, employing advanced GIS and remotely sensed data. Various morphometric parameters were quantified, including basin area (224.91 km²), length (24.32 km), perimeter (147.04 km), and drainage density (1.34 km/km²). With 255 streams overall, the research showed a clearly defined stream order system up to the fifth order. Key findings indicate that the basin exhibits low stream frequency (1.13 stream/km²) and a bifurcation ratio (Rb) averaging 4.03, suggesting a complex, interconnected hydrological system with significant tributary contributions. The sinuosity index (SI) of 1.32 indicates a moderately sinuous channel morphology. An extended basin shape that is advantageous for flood management is suggested by a low form factor (0.38) and elongation ratio (0.39). With a ruggedness number (Rn) of 1.18, a relief ratio (Rr) of 35.85, and a basin relief of 872 m, relief metrics show notable topographical diversity driven by tectonic activity and differential erosion. Hypsometric analysis indicates a mature landscape characterized by concave slopes, underscoring the erosion-dominated landforms formed over geological time.

Wastewater containing elevated turbidity levels can pose a significant risk if discharged directly into the environment. Conventional treatment involves chemical coagulants, presenting drawbacks like high cost, excessive sludge generation, and health risks To enhance sustainability in the treatment, it is essential to explore alternative methods that minimize environmental impact. Implementing natural coagulants, such as plant-based materials, can reduce reliance on costly inorganic salts and decrease sludge production. To reduce these drawbacks, alternative coagulants derived from natural sources are being explored for their potential to enhance sustainability while minimizing environmental impact. This research evaluates sustainable alternatives using natural coagulants—papaya seed powder, tamarind seeds, orange peels, and neem leaves—to treat municipal wastewater with an initial turbidity of 364 NTU. The effectiveness of these coagulants at different dosages was evaluated by jar tests, and the ideal dosage for each was identified. Along with turbidity reduction, the study also looked at the elimination of chemical and biochemical oxygen demands (BOD and COD). According to the findings, papaya seeds were able to remove up to 91.7% of the turbidity, 52% of the BOD, and 68% of the COD. 89.1% turbidity, 67% BOD, and 78% COD were eliminated by tamarind seeds. Neem leaves performed the best, removing 99.89% of the turbidity, 75% of the BOD, and 82% of the COD. Orange peels showed 66.89% turbidity reduction, 79% BOD removal, and 80% COD removal. The FTIR analysis showed functional group presence such as tannins and flavonoids in neem leaves, which likely contributed to their superior coagulation performance. Orange peels, being abundant and cost-effective, also demonstrated significant practical utility. These findings highlight the potential of natural coagulants as sustainable alternatives to conventional chemical treatments. The implications of this study suggest that plant-based coagulants, especially neem leaves and tamarind seeds, offer a viable, cost-effective solution for improving wastewater treatment while reducing environmental impact.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Meril) processing in Benin's agri-food industries generates waste with high potential for energy production. The present study assessed the biogas production potential of pineapple cakes and crowns in mono and co-digestion with cow dung. The methodology used is based essentially on the Simplex-Centroid Designs mixing scheme designed in Minitab.19. Anaerobic digestion tests were carried out with seven formulations in triplicate. Temperature, pH and biogas volume were monitored. A predictive model of biogas production according to mixing ratios was developed. Results indicate that digesters operating at mesophilic temperatures ranged from 23°C to 33°C, with an average of 26.5°C±0.33. The best-performing mixture in terms of biogas volume generated contained 50 g cake:50 g cow dung. This resulted in the production of 9.62 liters of biogas/kg of waste. Therefore, it has been established that pineapple waste and cow dung can be used efficiently for biogas production. The results also reveal the importance of maintaining some physico-chemical parameters of the waste mixtures in order to optimize biogas production. The model approximates average biogas production, with an R² correlation coefficient over 80%. In total, pineapple waste can be used to produce biogas. The exploitation of this energy resource in agri-food industries can contribute to the use reduction of conventional energy and fossil fuels.

Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) dynamics have a major impact on environmental sustainability, re-source management, and urban development. Effective decision-making depends on correct forecasting of these changes. This research predicts LULC changes with the Random Forest (RF) machine learning tech-nique using satellite-derived data from the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) for the years from 2005 to 2023. The dataset includes various LULC categories such as built-up land, agricultural lands, plan-tation/orchards, forests, wetlands, grasslands, wastelands, and water bodies. This study focuses on an area of Tamilnadu, India, covered by NRSC’s LULC datasets from 2005 to 2023. The Random Forest model was first trained on data for the years from 2005 to 2017 to predict LULC for the next consecutive years 2018–2023, with validated against actual LULC values for Tamilnadu, India from the year 2018 to 2023, achieving high accuracy with a correlation coefficient (R > 0.97 in later years) and decreasing Mean Abso-lute Error. Based on the complete historical dataset from 2005 to 2023, the trained model is then applied to predict LULC changes for the years from 2024 to 2028. The results indicate a significant increase in urban development of 0.001 hectare annually and a consistent decrease in double/triple cropping areas of ap-proximately 1.5 hectare between 2024 and 2028, stable but slightly declining forest cover, and water body spread oscillations. The steady increase in built-up land underscores the importance of controlled urban expansion and the decline in double/triple cropping areas calls for policies that support sustainable farm-ing practices. With forest cover slightly declining, policymakers should strengthen conservation initia-tives, afforestation efforts, and enforce stricter land-use regulations to prevent degradation. The oscillating spread of water bodies highlights the need for improved watershed management strategies.

This study intends to determine how microscopic sputum analysis could potentially aid in identifying environmental toxins associated with breathing issues in order to develop better management approaches for lowering pollution's impact on the lungs. This project used a mixed method technique, which included both quantitative and qualitative research. The study included 50 participants from various socioeconomic backgrounds. A structured questionnaire was created to collect data from participants. The sputum specimens were examined under a bright field microscope. Microscopic investigation of the material using Giemsa stain determined the presence of environmental pollutants in the sample. It is clear that microscopic analysis is an effective technique for investigating the intricate interactions between environmental contaminants and respiratory hazards. Furthermore, microscopy provides a cost-effective and efficient method of assessing respiratory health in people exposed to pollutants, allowing for early identification and intervention to prevent the development of significant respiratory disorders. Thus, this study seeks to establish how microscopic sputum analysis could potentially aid in pinning down environmental toxins linked with breathing difficulties so as to come up with better management approaches towards reducing pollution impacts on lungs.

Soil serves as the basis for plant growth and is essential for agricultural output. Soil testing is decisive in modern agriculture for assessing fertility, nutrient status, and crop suitability. In the current study an attempt has been made to ascertain currents spatial variability of soils from seven different villages of Ghiror Block three different soil samples of each village were gathered from 0-15 cm depth section, and it was examined using the help of standard laboratory techniques. Therefore, the effectiveness of the material showed that the pH values were found in the-neutral to alkaline (Mean=7.98), electrical conductivity of the soils was salinity-free (Mean=0.44 dS m-1) and aadditionally, the soils' carbon content quality was low (mean = 0.27 per cent). having a mean score of 299.45 kg per ha, the amount of available potassium was noted to be relatively more, followed by available phosphorus with a mean score of 36.09 kg per ha, and usable nitrogen with a mean of 132.10 kg per ha. Similarly, the nutrient index values of the Ghiror block were high for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and low for sulphur. These outcomes indicate that maintaining a balanced fertilization program that accounts for crop demand, soil availability, efficiency of fertilizers, and the contribution of animal manure enhances yield and promotes soil health.

Wastewater can be explored as an alternative water resource for irrigation in arid and semi-arid areas. In addition to conserving surface and subsurface water resources, the safe use of treated sewage water can increase crop yields. Despite numerous studies on wastewater irrigation, relatively limited research has been undertaken on the health impacts of wastewater irrigation on agricultural workers was undertaken. Many regions lack robust health monitoring systems for agricultural workers, making it difficult to assess the long-term health impacts of wastewater exposure. There is an urgent need to explore impacts of wastewater irrigation on farmworkers’ health. It is of an utmost importance to consider advantages as well as the risks of wastewater irrigation to public health and the environment. With this objective, experiments focusing on sewage water reuse for the irrigation of Wheat and Green gram crops were conducted at the Campus of Nirma University, Ahmedabad. The study design took into account several treatments based on the use of sewage water, groundwater, and surface water in various blending ratios. The design of the studies also takes into account different treatments based on the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to soils. A total of three replications were performed for all experiments for wheat & green gram crops. The methodology involves assessing the health impacts on agricultural workers as a result of their exposure to pathogens associated with wastewater. The impacts on public health under said treatments are analyzed and discussed in the paper. Lead levels, Total Bilirubin, Conjugated Bilirubin, Unconjugated Bilirubin, SGPT, Polymorphs, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Monocytes and Basophils were found to be within the normal range in agricultural workers associated with sewage water irrigation for wheat and green gram crops.

The clean air plan in India involves a set of rules, policies, and initiatives targeted at improving the air quality and public health by way of decreasing emissions from various sources. The study aims to evaluate the impact of National Clean Air Program (NCAP) on lowering air pollution levels and improving public health outcomes in Kota city, Rajasthan, highlighting progress, challenges, and the need for sustained emission control efforts. Kota's selection for this study highlights its significance as an educational hub, attracting students from all over India. The rapid population growth and increased vehicle emissions in the city cause adverse impacts on air quality. Improving air quality will not only enhance the health of residents and students but also contribute to a more conducive learning environment. The action plan of NCAP involves enforcing the construction and demolition waste management rules 2016, implementing emission control measures like water sprinkling and covered transport for construction activities, and extensive campaigns against open burning of biomass and waste. It also includes regular checks on industrial emissions, proper waste collection and disposal, and mandatory green belt development in residential areas. It employs a mixed-method approach, combining air quality monitoring data collected from the Central and State Pollution Control Boards from 2014 to 2023. It also examines trends in key pollutants, including NO2, SO2, and PM10, and analyzes the effect of regulatory measures such as emission controls and waste management rules. The study reveals a decreasing trend in NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) levels in Kota city, Rajasthan from 35.35 µg/m³ to 29.90 µg/m³ during 2014 to 2023, showing a significant drop during the COVID-19 lockdown. Similarly, PM10 (particulate matter) levels peaked at 153.28 µg/m³ in 2018 but saw a significant reduction to104.80 µg/m³ by 2020, indicating an improvement in air quality. However, SO2 (sulfur dioxide) concentrations slightly increased in 2019-2023 compared to 2014-2018. The air quality index (AQI) improved modestly but frequently surpassed 100, indicating hazardous air quality for vulnerable populations. The study concludes that while the NCAP in India has significantly improved air quality, challenges remain, with NO2 levels rebounding post-COVID-19 lockdown and persistent high particulate matter levels. It is recommended to ensure stricter enforcement of emission control measures, enhanced monitoring systems, and public awareness campaigns. Future work should focus on the long-term health impacts of particulate matter and strategies to achieve sustained air quality improvements in high-risk regions.

There are various activities which are creating adverse impact on environment construction is one of them. Construction industries are having potential to reduce the environmental impact by constructing green building, net zero energy building etc. The various rating agencies have developed different tools for designing and development of green building. The present study consists of study of various green building parameters of non-rated building to convert into rated building. Total 21 parameters were studied out of these rainwater harvesting, use low flow fixture for efficient use of water and energy saving were studied in detail and discounted payback period method was used. The discounted payback period was calculated. Research reveals it is worth investment of Rs 4.58 lacs to upgrade the infrastructure and within 1.97 years the invested amount will get recovered and which will safeguard the environment.