Recent advances in vitreoretinal surgical technology combined with advances in small-incision cataract surgery have enabled the ophthalmic surgeon to provide combined management of cataract and retinal pathology. Progressive understanding of the inevitability of cataract progression after pars plana vitrectomy along with the negative impact of early cataract progression on visual acuity outcomes have defined the importance of combined cataract surgery and pars plana vitrectomy in improving surgical outcomes. Combining phacoemulsification with intraocular lens placement with vitrectomy has now been shown to decrease visual rehabilitation time in patients with early/visually significant cataracts. These benefits are especially apparent when complex ocular pathology is present and clear visualization during surgery is needed. This report focuses on specific factors pertaining to combined surgery that include patient selection, mechanics of phacovitrectomy, and potential complications. The authors report that utilization of combined phacovitrectomy at their institution has had an outstanding success rate with 95% of the patients achieving 2-line or greater improvements in visual acuity within 6 weeks of surgery. Combined phacovitrectomy is associated with a significant reduction in overall healthcare costs that may become more important in this era of healthcare reform. Finally, rapid adoption of combined phacovitrectomy has occurred internationally, but remains delayed at most institutions in the USA.

Myopia is a condition in which the eye is too long for the focal length of cornea and lens, and the plane of sharp focus ends up in front of the retina. Given that the growth of the length of the eye is normally controlled with extreme precision by an image-processing feedback mechanism in the retina, myopia can either be the result of inappropriate visual stimulation, genetically determined changes in the gain or offset of the feedback loops or of inappropriate responses of the target tissues. There is no doubt that an environmental component is involved and extended near work appears to be the major risk factor. However, there is also no doubt that myopia is inherited since myopic parents are much more likely to have myopic children, and myopia is far more frequent in Asian populations than in the USA or Europe, even if groups are compared that have performed similar amounts of near work. A number of systemic or ophthalmic diseases are associated with myopia, indicating that metabolic conditions may interfere either with the gains of the feedback loops or the responses of the target tissue, the sclera. Since there is still no therapy against myopia development, research is directed toward the identification of genes that control the axial elongation of the eye.

Determining the genetic component of the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) complex trait has been the primary goal of ophthalmic genetics research for almost a decade. During this time, genes of several Mendelian traits affecting the macula have been identified. In this review, we will discuss the consequences of molecular defects in the VMD2, EFEMP1, TIMP3, ELOVL4 and ABCA4 genes, and their association with macular disease. We will also analyze our current knowledge on the implications of genetic variations in these genes for AMD by summarizing data from all studies which have investigated the possible role of these candidate genes in the etiology of AMD. Finally, we will elaborate on methods for genetic dissection of complex traits and discuss the appropriate applications of these methods for identifying genetic determinants of AMD.

The normal X-chromosome-linked color vision gene array is composed of a single red pigment gene followed by one or more green pigment genes. The high degree of homology between these genes predisposed them to unequal recombination, leading to gene deletions or the formation of red-green hybrid genes that explain the majority of the common red-green color vision deficiencies. Gene expression studies suggest that only the two most proximal genes of the array are expressed in the retina. The severity of the color vision defect is roughly related to the difference in absorption maxima of the photopigments encoded by the first two genes of the array. A single amino acid polymorphism (Ser180Ala) in the red pigment accounts for the subtle difference in normal color vision and influences the severity of color vision deficiency. Blue cone monochromacy is a rare disorder that involves absence of red and green cone function. It is caused either by deletion of a critical region that regulates expression of the red/green gene array, or by mutations that inactivate the red and green pigment genes. Total color blindness is another rare disease that involves complete absence of all cone function. A number of mutations in the genes encoding the cone-specific alpha- and beta-subunits of the cation channel and the alpha-subunit of transducin have been implicated in this disorder.

The purpose of this study is to examine risk factors for nuclear lens opacification in citizens of Reykjavik. 1,045 persons, 583 females and 462 males aged 50 years and older, were randomly sampled and underwent a detailed eye examination and answered a questionnaire. In all Scheimpflug photography of the anterior eye segment was done including the lens as well as retroilluminated photography of the lens. These photographs were used for the diagnosis of lens opacification. The data was analyzed using a logistic regression model. An increased risk for all grades of nuclear opacifications was found with ageing (OR = 1.228, 95% CI = 1.192-1.264, p = 0.000), cigarette smoking for more than 20 pack/years (OR = 2.521, 95% CI = 1.521-4.125, p = 0.000) and pipe or cigar smoking (OR = 2.478, 95% CI = 1.200-5.116, p = 0.014). Outdoor exposure, cortical lens opacification grade II and III and computer usage were not found to be linked to higher risk of nuclear opacification. No correlation was found between nuclear opacification and the consumption of vitamins, herring, sardines and shrimps, cod-liver oil or plant oil, nor were iris color, hyperopia, systemic steroid use, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation found to have a significant effect. Ageing is a major risk factor for nuclear lens opacification, and smoking is a major modifiable risk factor. Cortical and nuclear lens opacifications do not share the same modifiable risk factors.

The soluble ascorbate free radical (AFR) reductases in the human lens were separated into many isoforms in the range of pI 5-7 by native isoelectric focusing. In the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, however, two main proteins with molecular weights of 20-25 kD were commonly identified to each isoform. The observed heterogeneity of the human lens AFR reductase is very similar to those reported for beta- and gamma-crystallins in aged and cataractous human lenses. From these results, it is suggested that some of the isoforms of the lens AFR reductase, especially the more acidic isoforms, may be formed by posttranslational modifications.

Research Articles| October 23 2008 Die Psyche bei hypophysären Störungen. Subject Area: Neurology and Neuroscience M. Serejski, Prof. Dr. med. et phil. M. Serejski, Prof. Dr. med. et phil. Moskau Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie (1928) 67 (1): 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1159/000165923 Article history Published Online: October 23 2008 Content Tools Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation M. Serejski, Prof. Dr. med. et phil.; Die Psyche bei hypophysären Störungen.. Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie 1 January 1928; 67 (1): 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1159/000165923 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsMonatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie Search Advanced Search Article PDF first page preview Close Modal This content is only available via PDF. 1928Copyright / Drug Dosage / DisclaimerCopyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. You do not currently have access to this content.

Objective: To find the proportion of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) in a referral cohort of patients with a first-time diagnosis of mild dementia. Background: The proportion of DLB among the dementia sufferers is not known and the clinical consensus criteria have low sensitivity. We employed the revised DLB criteria to study the proportion with DLB in a community sample of patients with mild dementia. Methods: From March 2005 to March 2007, we included 196 patients from referrals to all geriatric medicine, old age psychiatry and neurology outpatient clinics in Rogaland and Hordaland counties in Western Norway. Standardized clinical instruments and diagnostic criteria were employed. Results: 65% had Alzheimer dementia, 20% DLB (16% probable DLB), 5.6% vascular dementia, 5.6% Parkinson disease with dementia, 2.0% frontotemporal dementia and 1.5% alcoholic dementia. There were no significant differences in the proportion with DLB according to age bands and dementia severity groups. The revised criteria for a clinical diagnosis of DLB increased the proportion of probable DLB by 25% compared to the previous criteria. Conclusion: DLB is common in patients with mild dementia, and is the second most common type of dementia. The introduction of new clinical criteria for DLB leads to an increase in the proportion diagnosed with probable DLB.