This paper presents the results of investigations carried out in the Danube riverbed between Brigetio and the northern shore at today’s Iža‑Leányvár. It begins with a concise overview of previous research—undertaken mainly on the north bank—which prompted the Slovak team to examine the river itself and ultimately led to the discovery of the piers of a Roman bridge. It then reports the aim, methods, and results of the most recent underwater work conducted in December 2022. The survey confirms that the structure was erected between the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. The paper concludes by outlining future avenues of inquiry to improve our understanding of the hitherto unknown Roman bridge across the Danube, its construction, and the reasons for its erection.

The Roman Empire ruled Pannonia—largely corresponding to today’s Transdanubia in Hungary—for nearly 500 years. This study reconstructs Roman-era vegetation and land use around Lake Balaton using pollen analysis, carpology, and anthracology. Pollen-based reconstruction from the sediment of Lake Balaton, with a >100 km source radius, reveals intensive agriculture during the Roman period (1st–5th century AD), supported by high LUP index values (60–100). Oak (Quercus sp.) forests declined significantly from the Celtic period (5th century BC–1st century AD) onward, with further loss under Roman rule. Pollen of cereals and anthropogenic indicators (Secale cereale, Artemisia sp., Chenopodiaceae) increased markedly. Comparative data from five Roman sites (farmsteads, towns, villa granary) align with these trends. Anthracological results reveal oak as the dominant wood (55–100%), though urban sites like Gorsium/Tác used more diverse species, including imported spruce (Picea abies) and fir (Abies alba), while rural vicus sites relied solely on local species. Charcoal from shrubs (e.g., Frangula alnus, Sorbus sp.) suggests nearby open forests. Carpological finds at Szabadbattyán and Tác were dominated by wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rye (Secale cereale), while vicus sites showed more emmer (Triticum dicoccum), spelt (Triticum spelta), and millet (Panicum miliaceum), indicating indigenous traditions. Evidence of hemp cultivation (Cannabis sativa) is strong in both pollen and macro-remains. Weed types suggest autumn and spring sowing, reflecting advanced Roman farming. Modern vegetation and soil maps corroborate these reconstructions.

In recent years, real estate developments in Constanța prompted a series of preventive archaeological investigations, leading to the discovery of rich archaeological material. These finds include a bone statuette found in the Palazu Mare district of Constanța. In this context, the nucleus of habitation, previously inferred from various archaeological finds from the Roman period, has been identified. Numerous surveys and preventive archaeological investigations have allowed for a clearer delimitation of the archaeological site of Palazu Mare. Regarding chronology, the settlement (possibly a vicus) can be dated from the 2nd–3rd centuries to the early decades of the 4th century AD. The statuette in question was carved out of ivory, measuring 6 cm in height and 1.7 cm in width. It was made as a representation of the god Thanatos, the personification of the Angel of Death in Greek and Roman mythology. Unfortunately, the statuette is incomplete; the left hand and parts of the legs are missing, along with the wings originally located on its back. The closest analogy for our representation comes from Northern France, where a small bronze statue was discovered in a villa rustica in Salouël, a commune located on the outskirts of Amiens. Due to the uncertainty surrounding the function of the object to which the statue pertains, we classify it as instrumentum domesticum, a category that includes a variety of objects that were part of everyday Roman life. The discoveries made here are considered quite rare due to the material of the statuette, and the context in which it was found. Based on previous observations, it can be said that Thanatos is typically a characteristic of funerary art and is therefore rarely found in domestic contexts. Ivory statues are particularly uncommon in the Dobrudja region of Moesia Inferior.

The paper focuses on Late Avar box-shaped cloak clasps. Although only thirty specimens are known from the Carpathian Basin, they are significant due to their high-quality workmanship. The type appears mainly in the northwestern part of the Avar Khaganate, along the Danube and in the northern part of the Danube–Tisza Interfluve; its spread can be linked to the main trade routes. Based on the related find assemblages, it was in fashion from the second half of the 8th century and was still in use in the first decades of the 9th century.

Extended, completed review of the theses of the PhD dissertation completed under the supervision of László Klima and submitted to the Uralic Linguistics and Languages Programme, Doctoral School of Linguistics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, in 2023. The dissertation’s primary objective was to investigate, applying an interdisciplinary approach, the prehistory and location of the ancient homeland of the Uralic-speaking peoples. This study was needed due to the decreasing tendency in research in Hungary on the Uralic prehistory compared to Finland. In the past three decades, some attempts have been made to integrate new results, but the old theory of the Uralic homeland being in Western Siberia could not be challenged. The research presented in the dissertation is based on reassessing previous results of linguistic palaeontology, archaeology, and archaeogenetics.

Roman Figural Bronzes from the Territory of Mantua, Italy. In recent years, many discoveries have been made in the country around Castel Goffredo, in the province of Mantua (Northern Italy). These are Roman small objects mainly in bronze, iron, lead, as they were found with the use of metal detectors. For this reason, the context of provenance is often unknown and the analysis of the finds is difficult. The knowledge of these objects was deepened following the setting up of the new archaeological section of the Museum of Castel Goffredo (MAST), inaugurated in June 2021. The Roman figural bronzes found in this territory are presented here. The remains of a lararium, including an interesting statuette of Aesculapius, has been examined in the typological framework of the bronze representations of this god.

This paper presents new technical details on the original manufacture and modern reconstruction of the Cleveland Apollo, a nearly life-size ancient bronze sculpture of the youthful god acquired by the Cleveland Museum of Art in 2004. Although previous studies had shown the sculpture to be an indirect lost-wax casting, few joins had been discussed in detail. Recent, more comprehensive radiographs, combined with extensive external and internal visual analysis, now permit a more thorough explanation of the assembly, from work on wax models through casting (in at least six sections), patching, and finishing, as well as post-manufacture damage. Together with radiography, analysis of numerous and varied modern restoration materials provides a fuller picture of the way the object was more recently re-assembled. A new digital 3D model of the sculpture, now available, will be essential for future study, interpretation, and display.

The Winged Victory (Vittoria Alata) of Brescia is one of the most important Roman bronzes in Italy. Discovered in 1826, it dates back to the 1st century AD. Since the 19th century the statue has undergone multiple conservation interventions. The last one started in 2018 up to 2020. The project was defined with a multidisciplinary approach which made it possible to study and compare the data obtained from the restoration with those deriving from scientific analyses, humanistic studies and other specialist research. For the first time after the discovery, it was possible to explore the internal surfaces of the statue and acquire very important data for the technological study of the work. Particular attention was paid to cleaning the surfaces; once the materials accumulated over time were removed, partly residues of past interventions, it was possible to rediscover the beauty of the face, the refinement of the modeling and the high peculiarity of the wings. New technological solutions have been studied for the internal support that replaced the one inserted in the nineteenth century to hold the arms and wings of the statue, as it was no longer suitable for guaranteeing the safe conservation of the work. Since October 2020, the Winged Victory has been exhibited in the renovated Capitoline temple in Brescia, where it was discovered.

This essay reviews the discovery of three sites where deposits of bronze fragments have been found, in the Roman cities of Pisaurum, Sentinum and Potentia. Each site yielded small bronze fragments and some tools, which lead us to suppose that these were sites of Late Antique foundries, where large bronze statues and other bronze objects were broken up to be remelted. The foundries were located on land previously occupied by taverns in the forum area or by residential quarters. This means that the urban plan of the cities had already been partially transformed, probably due to Christianisation and the construction of churches, which became the new community centres, to the detriment of the older areas of the forum. The rampant poverty and shortage of raw materials, especially metals, made foundries indispensable and, consequently, their widespread presence, even within the cities, probably became customary. Perhaps the numerous bronze fragments found in other centres of the region should also be interpreted in this same sense, as indications of foundries, even if the structures where the metal was worked have not been preserved.

The study details a looted hoard seized near the village of Vaja by the Mátészalka Police during a night of police control. According to the person who smuggled the finds, the findings were discovered in the ‘attic of a house in Budapest, during garbage disposal’. This obvious lie can be easily refuted by the results of the typo-chronological analysis of the objects. The seized finds comprise sword blades, spearheads, a knife, socketed axes and chisels, sickles, bracelets, metal vessel parts, metal lumps, and some unidentifiable fragments. Except for a few supra-regional types (a Vadena-type knife and some Kelčice-type bracelets), the style of these artefacts matches the bronze products often deposited in Hajdúböszörmény-type (Ha B1) hoards in the east Carpathian Basin. The concentration of stylistically close analogies in the territory of Hungary and the presence of typologically identical finds in the assemblage support the previous hypothesis that they were indeed looted somewhere in ‘Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County’. A plausible findspot can be located in the northern and central areas of the county, such as the zone between Nyírmada, Mátészalka, Kántorjánosi, and Vaja, the area where the police action took place.