Abstract: Medical experts treat both inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, along with gastric ulcers and colorectal cancer, as widespread global health problems because of their complex disease mechanisms and insufficient treatment results. The therapy outcomes remain hindered by several drug-related factors, including inadequate solubility, poor stability, and low bioavailability, that affect conventional medications for GI treatments. Scientists have developed nanoemulsions to establish an innovative pharmaceutical delivery system to address these therapeutic challenges. Nanoemulsions can encapsulate drugs effectively. This complex capability enhances drug stability and delivery, making them suitable for treating GI tract challenges because they can handle drugs with different water and oil affinities across a wide range of pH and enzymatic and mucosal barrier conditions. Nanoparticle-based bioavailability enhancement happens through three main mechanisms: droplet surface expansion, membrane crossing abilities, and defensive protection against digestive enzymes. The article outlines high- and low-energy approaches for nanoemulsions formulation, including ultrasonication, high-pressure homogenization, and spontaneous emulsification. NE efficacy in addressing GI disorders is detailed, highlighting their anti-inflammatory properties, infection-fighting potential, and ability to deliver cancer drugs through enhanced effectiveness and reduced side effects. The research assesses safety aspects and investigates developments such as functionalized and stimuli-sensitive nanoemulsions. Advanced health systems have integrated modern technologies, presenting new possibilities for improved healthcare delivery by developing targeted patient-friendly treatments that prove effective in gastroenterology practice.

Introduction: This study aimed to formulate, characterize, and evaluate quercetinloaded mucoadhesive tablets using natural polymers for sustained release and effective gastric ulcer treatment. background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder categorized by ulcer location: gastric ulcers in the stomach, esophageal ulcers in the esophagus, and duodenal ulcers in the duodenum . Gastric ulcers, also called stomach ulcers, are characterized by sores or lesions in the stomach lining. These ulcers may also develop in the upper small intestine, where they are termed duodenal ulcers Methods: Quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive tablets were formulated using direct compression with MCC, HPMC and chitosan. Pre-compression tests (angle of repose, bulk density, and compressibility index) and post-compression parameters (thickness, hardness, friability, and swelling index) were evaluated. Mucoadhesive properties were tested with goat stomach mucosa (ex vivo), and in vitro drug-release studies were conducted in 0.1N HCl over 24 h. objective: This study aimed to formulate, characterize, and evaluate quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive tablets using natural polymers for sustained drug release and effective gastric ulcer treatment. Results: FTIR showed no significant drug-excipient interactions. Pre-compression studies indicated good flow properties (angle of repose between 25.5° and 30° and Carr’s index ranging from 10.00% to 16.66%). The tablets had a uniform yellow appearance with a smooth texture. Hardness, friability, and swelling index ranged from 3.00 to 7.75 kg, 0.64% to 0.99%, and 135% to 452%, respectively. Ex vivo mucoadhesive strength ranged between 14-23 g, with a retention time of 3 to 24 h. The optimized formulation (F9), containing xanthan gum, HPMC, and chitosan, showed in vitro sustained drug release (94.863 ± 2.735% CDR) over 24 h. method: Quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive tablets were formulated using direct compression with HPMC and chitosan as mucoadhesive polymers. Pre-compression tests (angle of repose, bulk density, and compressibility index) done for flow properties. Post-compression parameters, such as thickness, hardness, friability, and swelling index, were evaluated. Mucoadhesive properties were tested with goat stomach mucosa, and in-vitro drug release studies in 0.1N HCl demonstrated sustained release over 24 hours. Discussion: Both pre- and post-formulation evaluations showed satisfactory results, and the ex vivo mucoadhesive strength and in vitro sustained drug release of the F9 formulation showed promising outcomes. Further in vivo and pharmacokinetic studies are required to confirm its therapeutic potential. result: FTIR confirmed no significant drug-excipient interactions. Pre-compression studies indicated good flow properties with an angle of repose between 25.5° to 30.0° & Carr’s index ranging from 10.00% to 16.66%. Tablets had a uniform yellow appearance with smooth texture. Hardness ranged from 3.00 to 7.75 kg, friability was 0.64% to 0.99%, and swelling index varied from 135% to 452%. Mucoadhesive strength ranged between 14-23g, with retention time from 3 to 24 hours. The F9 formulation, containing xanthan gum, HPMC, and chitosan (1:3), showed sustained drug release (94.8 Conclusion: The study successfully developed quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive tablets, of which the optimized formulation (F9) demonstrated prolonged gastric retention, low friability, high mucoadhesive strength, and sustained drug release. Further in vivo and pharmacokinetic studies are required to confirm its therapeutic potential. conclusion: The study successfully developed quercetin-loaded mucoadhesive tablets were F9 formulated with xanthan gum, HPMC & Chitosan (1:3) showed prolonged gastric retention, low friability (0.64%), high mucoadhesive strength (23g) and sustained drug release (94.8 other: NA

Introduction: The treatment of brain disorders remains a major challenge due to the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts drug delivery to the brain. Conventional therapies are non-specific and cannot be monitored in real time to optimise treatment. This review explores the potential of theranostic lipid nanostructures for targeted drug delivery to the brain and real-time imaging of therapeutic efficacy. Methods: Recent studies on the design, functionalisation, and application of lipid nanostructures for brain-targeted delivery were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on receptor-mediated transport (RMT), surface functionalisation with ligands or peptides, and the encapsulation of drugs alongside imaging functionalities. Results: Lipid-based nanoparticles are biocompatible and biodegradable, making them suitable carriers for brain-targeted drugs. The immobilisation of targeting molecules enhances BBB traversal and delivery specificity. These nanostructures also enable real-time imaging, allowing sequential monitoring of drug distribution and therapeutic response. Challenges remain, including large-scale production, long-term safety, stability, and regulatory approval. Discussion: Theranostic lipid nanostructures offer a promising patient-centred approach for treating neurological disorders. Their combination of precise drug delivery and imaging support aligns with the goals of precision medicine. Translating these technologies from bench to bedside requires addressing manufacturing, reproducibility, safety, and cost-related challenges through interdisciplinary research and regulatory alignment. Conclusion: Theranostic lipid nanostructures represent a significant advancement in braintargeted therapeutics, providing safer, more effective, and personalised treatment options for complex neurological conditions.

Background: Spanlastics, also known as elastic niosomes, represent a modified advancement in the field of colloidal system-based drug delivery carriers over the past decade. The term “Spanlastics” was first introduced in 2011 by Kakkar and Kaur, notably for ocular delivery of ketoconazole, marking the beginning of this innovative delivery system. These systems comprise a non-ionic surfactant (Span) and an “edge activator” which imparts high elasticity to the vesicles, making them deformable and allowing them to traverse narrow intercellular spaces, thereby enhancing drug permeation across biological membranes. Spanlastics are being explored as potential drug carriers for a vast spectrum of drugs via myriad administration routes. Objective: This review provides a comprehensive understanding of spanlastics by exploring their various methods of preparation and examining their wide-ranging applications across different routes of administration, including topical, transdermal, oral, ocular, ototopical, and ungual. Additionally, the review aims to highlight their potential in the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and to discuss recent advancements in the field, such as the development of spanethosomes, glycerospanlastics, and glucospanlastics, as reported in current literature. Method: The literature search was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and the search engine Google Scholar. The results were then screened and filtered based on the relevance of titles, abstracts, and the availability of full texts. Results: Studies on spanlastics revealed that these systems have shown improved drug permeation and enhanced therapeutic efficacy across multifarious routes of delivery. These novel formulations underline the growing interest and potential of spanlastics in modern pharmaceutical research. Conclusion: Over the last decade, spanlastics have grown from a niche ocular delivery concept into a robust platform with broad delivery potential. However, their transition from lab bench to clinical use will depend on overcoming manufacturing and stability challenges and confirming efficacy through clinical trials.

Introduction: Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin disorder often triggered by excess sebum, microbial colonization, and hormonal imbalance. Conventional treatments are associated with side effects and the development of antibiotic resistance, prompting interest in natural alternatives, such as Porphyridium cruentum (PC), a red seaweed known for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: Collagen patches were prepared using the solution casting method, which involved the addition of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) and propylene glycol, with aqueous PC extract at varying concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5%. The patches were thoroughly evaluated for their physicochemical properties, such as pH, thickness, weight uniformity, swelling index, and folding endurance. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to assess the compatibility between the drug and the polymer, as well as the surface morphology. Their anti-acne potential was tested in vivo using a testosteroneinduced acne model in Wistar rats, followed by histopathological analysis to examine inflammation and tissue regeneration. results: FTIR and SEM analyses confirmed proper incorporation of PC and smooth, uniform surface morphology. In vivo studies revealed a dose-dependent reduction in acne lesion size, with the 5% PC patch achieving complete resolution by day 28. Histological analysis showed improved skin architecture and reduced inflammation, particularly in the 3% and 5% PC groups. Results: FTIR and SEM analyses confirmed proper incorporation of PC and smooth, uniform surface morphology. In vivo studies revealed a dose-dependent reduction in acne lesion size with the 5% PC patch, resulting in complete lesion resolution by day 28. Histological analysis showed improved skin architecture and reduced inflammation, particularly in the 3% and 5% PC groups. Conclusion: PC-infused collagen patches exhibited strong potential as a safe and effective natural treatment for acne vulgaris. The formulation was found to promote both lesion reduction and skin regeneration, offering a promising alternative to conventional therapies and warranting further clinical exploration.

Abstract: Magnetic nanoparticles have become adaptable tools with multifaceted uses in differ-ent areas of science and technology. The review overviews recent developments in magnetic na-noparticle research, synthesis, and applications, emphasizing their promise in biomedicine, envi-ronmental remediation, and energy storage. The paper discusses the speciality of magnetic nano-particles in possessing a large surface area-to-volume ratio, super-paramagnetism, and biocom-patibility, rendering them extremely useful in targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imag-ing, and hyperthermia therapy. The latest advances in synthesis techniques, especially the transi-tion toward environmentally friendly biological methods, are reviewed. It also highlights the ob-stacles facing the production of Magnetic nanoparticles, including the need to standardize size distribution, increase targeting effectiveness and preserve prolonged stability in biological sys-tems. This review also focused on new applications in neuroscience, gene therapy, and combina-tion therapies, demonstrating that magnetic nanoparticles are multifunctional. Magnetic nanopar-ticles offer tremendous potential for use in medical applications such as therapeutic targeting and tracking, and environmental technologies, and their integration with other advanced technologies holds great promise for boosting their applications in personalized medicine and environmental technologies. However, progress has also come with challenges ranging from scaling up produc-tion to harmonizing evaluation processes and ensuring safety. Magnetic nanoparticles will play an increasingly important role in developing solutions to some of the world's most significant chal-lenges, from medicine to energy to environmental sustainability. They will only further facilitate a better, more technologically advanced future.

Research in ocular delivery of medication has both challenging and promising opportunities for the pharmaceutical sector. Present ocular delivery methods of drugs, including ointments, solutions, and suspensions, have a number of limitations, such as rapid elimination from the precorneal area, high variation in efficacy, and the risk of blurred vision. These disadvantages underscore the need for the introduction of more effective drug delivery systems. Research on ocular drug delivery has increased significantly in the past years, resulting in the use of numerous standard formulation forms, such as ointments and eye drops. One big drawback of the two formulations is the fast expulsion of the deposited dose through the action of blinking eyelids as well as the excretion of tear fluid. To counter this, in situ, gelling systems have been created that minimize drainage and prolong the period of contact with the ocular tissues and cornea. The formulations in these systems go through a sol-to-gel change due to conditions in the environment, for example, temperature, ionic strength, and pH. The transitions are usually triggered by the common polymers sodium alginate and high-performance methylcellulose. These preparations can be tested for any one of a number of properties, such as but not limited to clarity, ocular irritancy, texture, isotonicity, sterility, gel strength, gelling capacity, gelling time, ex-vivo release, in vitro drug release, stability, in vivo retention, and absorption.

Silk Sericin, a natural biopolymer, has gained increasing attention for its diverse applications in pharmaceuticals and biomedicine. This is an organic biomaterial derived from the Silkworm cocoon (silkworm <i>Bombyx mori</i>), by the degumming process, which exhibits remarkable biocompatibility, biodegradability, making it a promising candidate for various therapeutic and regenerative approaches. Sericinhas an excellent property that makes it a potential candidate for wound healing, skin care, and drug delivery applications. This hydrophilic protein is recognized as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer agent. The high molecular weight and granular protein composition of sericin give it a sticky consistency and gelatin-like quality. The presence of many hydroxyl groups absorbs significant water from the skin, providing a natural moisturizing effect. Silk sericin presents a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymers, boasting exceptional characteristics, including minimal immune response, excellent moisture retention, and versatility in forming various structures such as films, fibers, and hydrogels. The sustained release of sericin from wound dressings can also be efficacious in providing a prolonged healing effect during the treatment of pressure ulcers. This can contribute to a more favourable environment for faster and effective wound healing. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of silksericin, highlighting its unique characteristics, extraction methods, and recent advancements in its utilization for pharmaceutical and biomedical purposes, along with emphasizing the significant potential of this protein as a versatile biopolymer for advanced healthcare solutions.

: Cancer remains one of the most significant global health challenges, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches to improve treatment efficacy and minimize side effects. Traditional methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, while effective to some extent, face limitations, including drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and systemic toxicity. In this context, microbial- based nanoparticles have emerged as a novel and promising solution in cancer therapy. These nanoparticles leverage the inherent properties of microbes, such as targeting and biocompatibility, in combination with nanotechnology to deliver drugs with precision, enhance bioavailability, and reduce off-target effects. : This review highlights recent advancements in microbial-derived nanoparticles, focusing on their mechanisms of action, such as immune modulation, tumor penetration, and drug delivery capabilities. Furthermore, it discusses their potential to overcome current therapeutic challenges, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and scalability. Microbial-based nanoparticles offer a pathway toward more patient-centered and precision-based therapeutic solutions by addressing critical gaps in existing cancer treatments. The review also explores the challenges of clinical translation, such as toxicity concerns, regulatory hurdles, and manufacturing complexities, while providing insights into future research directions to accelerate their application in clinical practice.