Ehretia amoena belongs to the Boraginaceae family.E. amoena finds several therapeutic applications in traditional medicine.Nonetheless, its usage in treating human trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and diabetes mellitus is astonishing.The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the antioxidant potential, determine the IC50 value, determine total phenolic contents (TPCs), and determine total flavonoid contents (TFCs) of various solvent extracts from the leaves and stem-bark of E. amoena.Various solvent extracts were obtained by combining maceration and hot solvent extraction techniques.DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant potential and to determine the IC50 values.Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods were employed to estimate the TPCs and TFCs, respectively.At a concentration range of 200-3000 g/mL, the DPPH radical scavenged by various extracts from leaves and stem-bark and the positive control (ascorbic acid) was in the ranges of 22.000.20-65.000.10%,20.850.20-63.040.30%and 55.500.20-85.200.20%,respectively.Similarly, the IC50 values of various extracts from leaves and stem-bark were in the ranges of 691.80->3000g/mL and 560.45->3000g/mL, respectively.The IC50 value of the positive control was <200 g/mL.The ethyl acetate extract showed lowest IC50 value of 691.80g/mL among the extracts from leaves and the acetone extract showed lowest IC50 value of 560.45g/mL among extracts from stem-bark.The TPCs of various extracts from leaves and stembark were in the ranges of 1.220.02-6.610.04 and 1.480.01-7.450.01mgGAE/g DW, respectively.The TFCs of various extracts from leaves and stem-bark were in the ranges of 17.70.02-90.00.02 and 31.20.05-81.60.08mgQE/g DW, respectively.We concluded that various leaves and stem-bark extracts from E. amoena showed a moderate to significant radical scavenging activity and possessed a moderate to higher TPCs and TFCs.The ethnomedicinal use of E. amoena is supported from this findings and antioxidant-based therapeutics can be developed.

This study evaluates the antimicrobial properties, phytochemical composition, and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) profiles of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Nicotiana tabacum and Sesamum alatum.The preliminary phytochemical screening showed that alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, terpenoids, and anthraquinones were present in both plants.Phytosterols were detected only in N. tabacum.TLC analysis of ethanol extracts revealed five phytocompounds for N. tabacum with Rf values of 0.06, 0.08, 0.12, 0.76, and 0.90, and six for S. alatum at 0.05, 0.10, 0.13, 0.21, 0.72, and 0.97.Antimicrobial analysis against some selected microorganisms showed that both extracts demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition activities.In N. tabacum, the ethanolic extract showed the highest zone of inhibition (18 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, while the aqueous extract showed more potency against Proteus vulgaris (15 mm).For S. alatum, the ethanol extract exhibited microbial inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae (23 mm), while the aqueous extract showed moderate inhibition with a highest value of 14 mm against Salmonella typhi.No inhibition was demonstrated at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3 g/mL each for either plant.The results supports the prospect of antimicrobial potential of these medicinal plants, with ethanol extracts being more active.

Background: Azadirachta indica, resemble as the neem plant, which used as alternative therapy in Asia as well as Africa, known for its antibacterial, antifungal, and antiinflammatory properties.as its rich in biologically active compounds can be used as wound healing.objective: to assess and compare the wound healing activity of neem leaves obtained from two different regions.Methodology: Neem leaves were collected, dried, and extracted using ethanol via a rotary evaporator.Phytochemical screening and microbial testing were conducted.Cream and gel formulations were prepared and evaluated for physical properties.The wound healing activity was assessed by applying these formulations to rabbits.Results: Azadirachta indica shows the availability of phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides.The extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, as well as antifungal activity against Candida albicans.The cream formulations had appropriate pH and homogeneity.The application of the formulations on rabbits yielded positive and excellent wound healing results, surpassing those of standard and control treatments.Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves exhibits powerful bactericidal and fungicidal properties, making it a useful agent for treating wounds and accelerating the healing process.

Consistent ethanol beverage exposure adversely affects male reproductive function by oxidative stress-related mechanisms.This study was designed to investigate the spermatogenic and spermiographic effects of myricetin on ethyl-alcohol-induced sperm toxicity in pre-pubertal male Wistar rats.Thirty-five (35) pre-pubertal male Wistar rats were divided into seven (7) groups of five (5) rats each.Group 1 was given distilled water only, group 2 was given 40 % ethanol only, groups 3, 4, and 5 were given 40 % ethanol + 75 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg myricetin respectively, while Groups 6 and 7 were given 75 mg and 300 mg myricetin respectively.On completion of treatment, animals were ketamine sedated and blood was collected through intracardiac puncture.Epidydimal tissues were eviscerated for spermiography and semen analysis.Descriptive statistics was used to determine the mean and standard error of the mean, and One-way analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the means of independent groups.Tukey's post hoc test was used to compare differences among the groups.Tests were considered statistically significant at p<0.05.Results showed that Sperm motility, sperm concentration, and the number of normal sperm cells increased in myricetintreated groups compared to the control and ethanol-induced groups.In conclusion, these finding suggests that myricetin protected the spermatic cells from oxidative stress and ameliorated ethanol-based toxicities to the epidydimal sperm cells, hence promoting its fertility function.

Salicornia europaea L. is an annual halophyte adapted to saline coastal environments, valued as a food source and in traditional medicine for its antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties.This study investigates the chemical composition of Salicornia europaea L. from the Syrian coast, focusing on samples collected from Two stations: Sports City Station and Jableh Corniche Station.GC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts revealed variations in primary metabolites between the stations (Jableh Corniche and Sports City).Palmitic acid (16.3%) was the dominant compound in the Sports City station samples, whereas oleic acid (19.1%) predominated in the Jableh Corniche station samples.HPLC analysis of ethanolic extracts identified chlorogenic acid (2.6%) in Sports City and coumaric acid (2.5%) in Jableh Corniche station samples.These findings highlight the chemical diversity of Salicornia europaea L. on the Syrian coast and suggest its potential for pharmaceutical, nutritional, and biofuel applications.Further research is warranted to explore these applications in depth.

Alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitors are widely used oral medication for diabetes.These manage the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars, which are then absorbed by the intestines.This study focuses on the phytochemical analysis and molecular docking studies of GC-MS identified compounds from methanolic extracts of Allium hookeri.Through GC-MS analysis, 20 different compounds were identified.These compounds were screened against enzyme alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase using Auto Dock Vina.Out of twenty compounds only thirteen shows drug likeness property which are included for further study.The docking studies revealed that 10-Methylundecan-4-olide has a high binding affinity with alphaamylase (4w93) and alpha glucosidase (3l4w) i.e., -5.6kcal/mol & -6.4kcal/mol respectively, the drug-likeness studies indicate that 10-Methylundecan-4-olide is also the most readily bioavailable phytochemical among the thirteen selected compounds.These findings suggest it could be an effective antidiabetic agent.

Toxicology is the vital part of pharmacology which deals with the undesirable effect of phytocompounds on living organisms before they are use as drug or chemical in clinical use.This study is aimed at evaluating the acute and sub-acute toxicity effects of Lonchocarpus laxiflorus leaf methanol extracts (LLMLE).Standard OECD guidelines were used to conduct acute and subchronic toxicity evaluations.The results of acute oral administration of the leaf extracts indicated no mortality up to 14 days after treatment.There was also no sign of toxicity, and the LD50 was assumed to be greater than 3000mg/kg.In sub-chronic toxicity, there was no significant (P>0.05)alteration in animal bodyweight throughout the experimental period suggesting that the extract did not interfere with feeding or regulate appetite.There was also no significant (P>0.05)alteration in all liver biomarkers of all Lonchocarpus laxiflorus leaf methanol extracts treated groups compared to control.Lonchocarpus laxiflorus leaf methanol extracts (LLMLE) did not cause any significant (P>0.05)alteration in kidney function parameters.Similarly, there were no significant (P>0.05)alteration in haematological parameters of all Lonchocarpus laxiflorus leaf methanol extracts treated groups compared to control.Hence, Lonchocarpus laxiflorus leaf methanol extract is not hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and do not have a haematological effect, thus this research validates the safety of this plant at acute and subchronic administrations

Alcohol is known to have neurotoxic effects on the brain, particularly on the amygdala, a pertinent brain structure for emotional processing, learning, memory, and social behavior.This study was to assess the mitigating effects of T. macrogonus (TM) stem-sap on the amygdala of alcohol-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats.Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats (190-240 g) were grouped into five groups of five rats each; Group A served as the control and was administered with 10 mL/kg body weight (b.w.) of distilled water; Groups B-E received 88 mg/kg of TM stem-sap, 1.34 mL/kg of alcohol, 0.13 mL/kg of alcohol + 88 mg/kg of TM stem-sap, and 1.34 mL/kg of alcohol + 264 mg/kg TM stem-sap, respectively.The administrations were oral and lasted for 21 days.A day later, the animals were sacrificed immediately after ketamine hydrochloride intraperitoneal anesthesia.Animals were perfusion-fixed with phosphate-buffered saline, the brains excised, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and Cresyl fast violet (CFV).The result showed there was no significant difference in body weight in all groups.Histologically, mild and moderate histomorphological alterations of the amygdala in groups D and E compared to A and C groups, respectively.CFV stain showed highly and moderately stained Nissl bodies in groups D and E, respectively.In conclusion, T. macrogonus step-sap as a neuroprotective agent was able to mitigate the damaging effect of alcohol-induced neurotoxicity but was dosage-dependent.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar which causes impairment in parts of the body like nerves, eyes, kidneys, and other organs.The treatment using Oral antihyperglycemics can cause many adverse effects and if given in combination, can lead to drug-drug interactions.Innovative antoxidising substances might be introduced to produce therapeutic action on the exact target organs to overcome these issues.Nowadays, metal nanoparticles are highly used in the human health care system due to their excellent biocompatibility and constancy, low cost of methods, and environmentally friendly impressions.Materials and Methods: In the current study, green methods have been adopted to generate the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the Amaranthus gangeticus plant which is proven as an antidiabetic plant and used to synthesise the green AuNPs from the leaf extract of A.gangeticus using 1 mM Gold chloride solution.The synthesised herbal-mediated AuNPs were introduced to different characterization techniques such as UV Spectroscopy, FTIR analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively.The antidiabetic effect of the produced AuNPs was also tested in vivo.Results: The induction of diabetes using STZ showed increased blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, and massive loss in body weight.These changes were reversed following the dealing of diabetic rats for 28 days and showed significant inhibition at a dose range of 1 mg/kg AuNPs related to the plant extract-tested group. Conclusion:These obtained results suggested that plant-mediated AuNPs have shown promising antidiabetes when correlated to the crude extract.

The immuno-modulation and anti-oxidative roles of olive oil and bee honey following administration of crude oil to Wistar rats was investigated. Forty-eight male Wistar rats (145-342g body weight) were divided into six groups of unequal numbers. The rats in group I served as the control and were orally gavaged 10ml/kg body weight of distilled water; group II rats were administered 2ml/kg body weight of olive oil; group III rats were administered 14ml/kg body weight of Bee honey; group IV was orally gavaged 3ml/kg body weight of crude oil; group V were administered the dose as mentioned above of olive oil and 3ml/kg body weight of crude oil; group VI was gavaged the dose as mentioned earlier of Bee honey and 3ml/kg body weight of crude oil for 21days. The results revealed that crude oil markedly induced oxidative stress by significantly (p<0.05) reducing activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT) while significantly (p<0.05) increasing malonydialdehyde (MDA) level when compared to control, olive oil and bee honey groups. Co-administration of olive oil and bee honey with crude oil to groups V and VI respectively significantly elevated SOD and CAT activities while significantly (p<0.05) reducing MDA levels when compared with control, olive oil and bee honey groups. This study suggest that crude oil significantly (p<0.05) increased immunoglobulin status (IgA, IgG and IgM) compared with control, olive oil and bee honey groups. These increases were significantly (p<0.05) reduced following co-administration of olive oil and bee honey with crude oil to groups V and VI respectively. According to the findings from the present study, the antioxidant properties of olive oil and bee honey can prevent oxidative stress and immunoglobulin status disruption that occur after administration of crude oil.