Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and allergic rhinitis (AR) are common upper-airway inflammatory disorders that often coexist, significantly decrease quality of life, and recur even when treated with intranasal or systemic therapy or surgery. Growing mechanistic insights, such as the role of type 2 inflammation driven by epithelial “alarmins” (TSLP, IL-25, IL-33) and downstream cytokines (IL-4/IL-13, IL-5), together with IgE-mediated effector pathways, have led to the accelerated clinical use of targeted biologics. Here, we summarize the shared immunopathogenesis of CRSwNP and AR, highlight treatable endotypes and practical biomarkers (e.g., blood eosinophils, total IgE, FeNO, and disease-specific symptom and quality-of-life scores), and map these features to therapeutic targets. We summarize evidence for approved agents, including anti-IgE omalizumab; anti-IL-5/IL-5R therapies mepolizumab, reslizumab, and benralizumab; and anti-IL-4R therapy dupilumab, focusing on clinically significant outcomes such as nasal polyp burden, nasal obstruction, olfaction, SNOT-22/TNSS improvement, reduction in systemic corticosteroid use, surgery rates, safety, and limitations. Given that many patients have multimorbidity with asthma or atopic dermatitis, we also outline how unified airway management can guide multidisciplinary decision-making and the use of shared endpoints. Practical considerations such as initiation criteria, response assessment, treatment switching, and economic or access barriers are summarized to inform real-world implementation and future research.

Mastoiditis, a serious complication of acute otitis media, primarily affects the pediatric population and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent severe complications. This review explores the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic techniques, and therapeutic approaches for mastoiditis, focusing on the role of amoxicillin in its management. The anatomical connection between the middle ear and mastoid air cells facilitates the spread of infection, which is further influenced by inflammatory processes, bacterial biofilms, and host immune responses. Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical findings, imaging studies such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and microbiological cultures to guide targeted antibiotic therapy. Amoxicillin remains the first-line treatment for non-resistant cases owing to its effectiveness against common pathogens, safety profile, and cost efficiency. However, the increasing prevalence of β-lactamase-producing bacteria necessitates the use of amoxicillin-clavulanate in resistant cases. Antibiotic selection should be based on local resistance patterns and patient-specific factors, such as allergies and comorbidities. Surgical interventions, including mastoidectomy, are required in advanced or refractory cases. Future research should focus on developing novel diagnostic tools, optimizing antibiotic regimens, and implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs to combat drug resistance. Global collaboration is essential for establishing standardized guidelines and improving access to high-quality care in resource-limited settings.

Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) poses a major global health challenge, highlighting the demand for reliable biomarkers to enable earlier detection and improve patient survival. This study sought to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of RAD54-like Protein 2 (RAD54L2) in HNSCC. RAD54L2 expression was assessed across multiple cancer types, including HNSCC, using data sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Through R-based analysis of RNA-seq data from TCGA-HNSCC, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between tumors with high and low RAD54L2 expression. RAD54L2 may be a useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in HNSCC. Using various statistical methods, we explored the relationship between RAD54L2 levels and immune cell infiltration, DNA methylation patterns and genetic alterations in RAD54L2, RAD54L2 expression with clinicopathological features of HNSCC patients, and the diagnostic and prognostic utility of RAD54L2. Its expression was markedly upregulated in tumor tissues versus controls. RAD54L2 expression exhibited significant correlations with immune infiltration, cell cycle genes, and androgen receptor (AR) in HNSCC. DNA methylation levels at three CpG sites within the RAD54L2 gene were linked to patient prognosis. Furthermore, RAD54L2 expression was associated with multiple clinicopathological variables, including M, N, and T stages, age, gender, race, tumor status, and overall stage. ROC analysis and nomogram model indicated that RAD54L2 effectively discriminated HNSCC from non-tumor tissues. These findings underscore the potential diagnostic and prognostic utility of RAD54L2, supporting its promise as a therapeutic target in HNSCC.

Ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, plays a crucial role in treating otitis externa, which is a common inflammatory disorder of the outer ear canal. This review examines the effectiveness and safety of ciprofloxacin in managing otitis externa, with a focus on its pharmacological properties, antibacterial effects, and outcomes. This review highlights the potent activity of ciprofloxacin against the primary pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and its ability to penetrate the auditory canal, making it ideal for treating ear infections. The use of oral ciprofloxacin in severe cases, particularly in malignant otitis externa, is also discussed. This review explores the benefits and drawbacks of topical and oral ciprofloxacin formulations and the rationale for combining these routes in complex cases. Special attention should be given to prescribing ciprofloxacin to vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, and pregnant women. The increasing prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria and the importance of antimicrobial stewardship programs in combating resistance are emphasized. This review addresses drug interactions and monitoring strategies. Future directions in otitis externa treatment are discussed, including the development of safer quinolones, advancements in targeted drug delivery systems, and progress in diagnostic tools for antibiotic selection. This review underscores the significance of ciprofloxacin in managing otitis externa while highlighting the need for judicious use and research to optimize outcomes and mitigate resistance risk.

Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa with nasal polyp formation. This systematic review evaluated the efficacy and safety of biological therapies, including omalizumab, mepolizumab, and benralizumab, compared with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in CRSwNP management. A literature search using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases identified five studies that met the inclusion criteria. The studies included randomized controlled trials and observational studies assessing biological therapies or ESS in adults with CRSwNP. The primary outcomes were nasal polyp score (NPS), nasal congestion score, Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), and adverse events. Omalizumab showed significant improvements in NPS, nasal congestion score, and SNOT-22 scores compared to placebo, with sustained effects in an open-label extension study. Mepolizumab significantly reduced SNOT-22 scores, improved lung function, and decreased blood eosinophil counts and systemic corticosteroid use in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma and CRSwNP. Benralizumab improved NPS and nasal blockage scores compared to placebo, with effects varying by comorbidities and baseline characteristics. ESS with medical therapy showed better SNOT-22 scores than medical therapy alone, though not reaching the minimal clinically important difference. Biological therapies and ESS were well tolerated, with adverse events comparable to those of the placebo. This review demonstrates the effectiveness of biological therapies and ESS in managing CRSwNP, particularly in severe cases of the disease. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of these interventions in CRSwNP management.

Background: Adenotonsillectomy is commonly performed in children. Pathological evaluation of specimens of patients with or without risk factors is generally performed. Our aim is to indicate that it is not necessary to send all adenotonsillectomy specimens routinely for pathological analysis in pediatric age group. Materials and Method: Patients in the pediatric age group who underwent routine tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy (T&A) at a tertiary healthcare center affiliated with XXX University between January 2015 and December 2023 were collected. A retrospective study was designed. The following information was recorded for each included patient: age at surgery, gender, and pathology reports. Demographic and clinical outcomes are reported using means and standard deviations for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. Results: Our study of 9817 patients at Medipol University Medipol Mega Hospital revealed no unexpected result in adenotonsillectomy pathology specimens. Conclusions: Our study of 9817 patients at Medipol University Medipol Mega Hospital revealed no unexpected result in adenotonsillectomy pathology specimens. Histopathological analysis may be limited to cases with certain clinical risk factors to protect important healthcare resources in patient care.

This study aimed to investigate the utility of the Systemic Immune Inflammatory Index (SIII) as a diagnostic biomarker for distinguishing between acute tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess. Conducted retrospectively at Trakya University, the study analyzed 122 cases of acute tonsillitis and 124 cases of peritonsillar abscess, using data from patients treated at the university's Otorhinolaryngology Department between 2013 and 2023. Ethical approval was obtained from the institution's Ethics Committee. Blood samples were evaluated to assess three key parameters: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and SIII. Results demonstrated a significant difference in SIII values, with patients suffering from peritonsillar abscess showing significantly higher SIII levels compared to those with acute tonsillitis. Similarly, PLR values were significantly different between the groups, reinforcing the clinical relevance of these markers. In contrast, NLR did not show a statistically significant difference. These findings highlight the potential of SIII as a valuable biomarker for distinguishing between acute tonsillitis and peritonsillar abscess, offering promising applications in otolaryngology to enhance diagnostic accuracy and inform treatment decisions.