This study applies three-dimensional (3D) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), integrated with borehole log data, to investigate subsurface architecture and aquifer vulnerability at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) Football Field, Edo State, Nigeria. The site, situated within the hydro-geologically significant Benin Formation, revealed a stratified subsurface comprising six distinct layers. Borehole log correlation confirmed the identification of sandy strata between 10.0 m and 17.4 m as primary aquifer zones with high porosity and permeability, underlain by compacted sandstones and crystalline bedrock that serve as structural markers and natural hydraulic barriers. Vulnerability analysis using the GOD model classified the aquifer as moderately susceptible to contamination due to thin clay protective layers and increasing urbanisation pressures. This research underscores the novel application of 3D ERI alongside borehole data to enhance subsurface characterisation and aquifer delineation in complex urban terrains. The findings provide actionable insights for groundwater resource management and environmental protection, with recommendations for multi-method geophysical surveys and hydrogeological modelling to optimise resource utilisation and safeguard aquifers against contamination.

The process of urbanization has increasingly transformed landscapes, especially in rapidly developing cities like Hyderabad, which has witnessed considerable growth over the past two decades. This study investigates the spatio-temporal changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in Hyderabad city from 2000 to 2020 by utilizing multi-temporal satellite imagery and advanced geospatial techniques. The study aims to understand the extent, pattern, and nature of urban growth and its impact on other land categories such as vegetation, agricultural lands, and water bodies. Satellite data from Landsat missions (2000, 2010, and 2020) were classified using supervised image classification methods to derive LULC maps. A detailed change detection analysis was conducted to quantify the transitions among different land categories. The results reveal a significant expansion of built-up areas, especially along the peripheries and in the direction of the IT corridor and Outer Ring Road (ORR), indicating spatially uneven and corridor-based urban growth. Simultaneously, a sharp decline in vegetation and agricultural lands, along with the encroachment of water bodies, was observed. These findings underline the growing pressure on natural resources, increasing fragmentation of green spaces, and the degradation of ecological functions due to unplanned and rapid urban expansion. The study highlights the effectiveness of Remote Sensing and GIS tools in detecting, visualizing, and analyzing urban changes and advocates for their application in urban planning and management. The paper concludes by recommending sustainable development practices and the integration of geospatial monitoring in urban governance frameworks to ensure environmental sustainability and resilience in Hyderabad’s future urban growth.

North Panajam Paser Regency, Kalimantan Island, which is traversed by the Kutai Basin has very high coal fuel potential. The geological structure, depth and seam model of coal-bearing rock formations in the research area can be investigated through geophysical surveys using satellite gravity methods. Gravity field data is downloaded from the TOPEX website which comes from Geodesy Satellite (GeoSat) and European Remote Sensing Satellite-1 (ERS-1). The number of gravitational field data downloaded was 785 sets with an area of around 250 km2. The satellite gravity field data processing procedure includes several data corrections and reductions, as well as modeling and interpretation. The modeling and interpretation results show that the coal-bearing rock is estimated to be at a depth of 0 – 2,593.95 m for the AA’ section; 0 – 1,877.89 m for the BB’ section; and 0 – 1,558.59 m for the CC’ section.

This research presents an analysis of the estimated solar radiation using Maximum and minimum daily temperatures (Tdmax and Tdmin), and by applying three models. The estimated solar radiation was calibrated by the recently developed CSR model, and extensive digital data sets derived from satellite observations edited in the Atlas Solar Radiation for the Saudi Arabia edited by KACST with the collaboration of Center for renewable energy resources of Colorado. The model performance was analyzed using four statistical models (RMSE, ME, R2, MAE). This study seeks to analyze the variability and determine the best model of estimating the daily solar radiation using the temperature data over 1985-2018. This study relied on daily dataset of extreme temperatures collected during 34 years (1985-2018) in (Abha 41112), (Makkah 41030), (Tabouk 40375), (Yanbu 40439), (Qaysumah 40373), (Dammam 40417), (Al Jouf 40361), (Qasim 40405) and (Najran, 41118) meteorology stations supervised by the National Center of Meteorology (NCM). The methodology of this study deals with the analysis of the statistic distribution of dataset of the selected (Tx), Minimum daily (Tm) and Daily average (T’) during the period 1985-2018 by applying the KolmogorovSmirnov test. The statistical significance of the Trends variance of daily temperatures was analyzed using the Semi-averages method and T-student test. The results of the statistical analysis were also represented on thematic graphs. This study revealed the spatial variations of the daily temperatures and their trends among the selected meteorology stations. The funding show many effective differences in spatial distribution of the daily temperatures. In the context of Trends analysis, the T-student test revealed the clearly differences between the semi-averages during the two periods of 1985-2001 (X’1) and 2002-2018 (X’2). In general, the differences (X’2–X’1) of temperatures (Minimum and Maximum) are smaller than the (2 SE) over different months in the selected stations. The mean of daily temperature had an increased not significantly trends in the studied stations. This study was able to represent the variation of the spatial distribution of daily temperatures using the statistical tests for determining the significance of the trends during the period 1985- 2018. The integrated employment of the methods can give more accurate results in inferring climate change indicators over Saudi Arabia regions.

Statistical analysis using correlation method was carried out on radiometric data in some parts of South- eastern Nigeria. The objective was to assess the spatial relationships and potential correlations among various radioactive elements in the designated area. The study area spans latitudes 5°001′ N to 6°301′ N and longitudes 7°001′ E to 8°301′ E, covering approximately 27,225 km2. Utilising the superspectrometer RS 230, a comprehensive survey was conducted. Parameters including uranium, thorium, and potassium were measured. Radiometric data analysis and interpretation unveiled the mean concentrations of uranium (U), thorium (Th), and potassium (K) in the study area, registering at 3.02 ppm, 11.22 ppm, and 0.43%, respectively. These values align closely with the standard averages of 2.973 ppm, 11.084 ppm, and 1.342%, respectively. This examination sheds light on the distribution and levels of radionuclides within the surveyed region, contributing to a deeper understanding of its geological composition and potential implications. Statistical analysis revealed an R2 value of 0.730 between Uranium and Thorium. The value obtained is above 0.5 showing a good relationship between the two. This also indicates that their concentrations are dependent on each other in the study area. But R2 values obtained between Uranium and Potassium is 0.006 and between Potassium and Thorium is 0.004 which are both less than 0.5. This depicts a weak relationship between the concentrations of Uranium and Potassium, and between Potassium and Thorium. This in turn revealed that the concentrations of the both sets in the study area are independent of each other.

Water is one of the most essential natural resources. Contaminated water can cause many adverse impacts on human health and on the environment. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive geochemical water quality assessment using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and health risk for three distinct locations. For this purpose, 45 samples were collected from three different locations and analyzed with different geochemical parameters. The results show that the Magnesium level in most of the samples was below the permissible limits. All analyzed parameters of samples were then compared with the drinking water quality standards set by W.H.O. The results indicated that all the analyzed parameters are under permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Pakistan National Standards for Drinking Water Quality. Moreover, the results show that all 3 locations collected samples (45) exhibited excellent water quality. This study highlights the importance of water quality assessment and the applicability of the Water Quality Index in evaluating water resources. The information provided can aid local people to protect themselves from polluted water

This study presents the analysis of soil compaction properties relationship over Gbaramatu subsurface of Niger Delta region. It is employed to determine the soil suitability for a wide range of Engineering needs, such as the development of foundations, roadways, and other facilities. The study aims to investigate the relationship between compaction properties on soil samples from Gbaramatu different locations. Ten (10) boreholes disturbed soil samples were collected for this investigation. Laboratory tests were conducted to obtain moisture contents, Particles Size Distribution, Specific Gravity and Consolidated Drained Shear results. Geotechnical analysis was equally conducted on the obtained laboratory parameters, to further obtain the Coefficient of curvature (Cc) and uniformity coefficient (Cu). Standardize statistical correlation tests were presented. Our findings indicate a positive relationship between the optimum moisture content and the coefficient of uniformity corresponding to higher optimum moisture concentrations. This discovery has far-reaching consequences for soil management and irrigation techniques. The results support the assumption that, the physical geology of the location is attributed to swamp reclamation and landfills. This research finally provides useful information about the engineering properties of Gbaramatu soils, and the correlation equations generated will be helpful in predicting values or modeling the correlated properties for soils within the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

On sheet 134 of the aeromagnetic map of Nigeria is a prominent northeast (NE) trending negative anomaly that extends for >20 km. This work reinterprets the anomaly using oasis montage™ 7.0 software, by inverse geological modelling of magnetic profiles. The aim of this work is to identify the Chibok magnetic anomaly as a plate tectonic feature, and as part of the West African Rift System. Three profiles were modelled across the residual magnetic anomaly, which yielded a depth range of 1 to 2 km. The result furnished a subsurface picture of ‘horst and graben’ which are characteristic of rifts. The sedimentary infill of the interpreted rift is considered to be sands/or sandstone due to the low magnetic anomaly. Sandstone has very low magnetic susceptibility [30 x106 emu (S.I.)] compared to granite and basalt. Geological data showed NW, NE, N-S, and E-W structural trends on the granitic basement. These manifest as faults, shear zones, joints and foliations. Emplacement of the Tertiary basalt in the NW of the area of study area showed planes of crustal weakness in the Precambrian basement. A palinspatic map of the area identified the pre-Tertiary geology. The sediment infill of the interpreted rift may serve as very rich aquifer for groundwater abstraction for irrigation in this semi-arid zone. The evidence of the plate tectonic nature of the interpreted rift indicated its alignment with offshore transform faults like Chain and Charcot as well as the Cameroun Volcanic Line.

A thorough understanding of a rock formation’s structure and sedimentology is crucial before engaging in hydrological exploration or any development project. Islamabad is going through rapid development, so it’s crucial to update the subsurface studies for the benefit of the citizens. This research aims to study the Sedimentological characteristics of the Murree Formation through lithofacies analysis and to know the hydrological characteristics through Fracture analysis. Fracture analysis was conducted using the circle inventory method to calculate fractured porosity and permeability within the Murree Formation in the Islamabad region, and the lithofacies analysis was performed by observing the Sedimentological characteristics of each rock bed. Fracture analysis indicates that the rock formation in the Shah Alla Ditta region is not suitable enough to be classified as an aquifer. At the same time, the lithofacies study shows that the Murree Formation was deposited in a fluvial environment.

A statistic is found useful in many applications of science where data and analysis are used for illustration and description for better understanding and justification of the data sets. Therefore in an attempt to achieve a better understanding and illustration of the dynamics of foundation integrity and vulnerability of failure, which often remain a major challenge to mankind, especially in Nigeria where foundation failures remain a major concern to both the Government and citizen. In this present study, a statistical approach was carried out on the Geophysical parameters in Issele-Mkitim area, South South Nigeria, to evaluate the dynamic factors that affect foundation integrity and vulnerability of subsurface lithologies. Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM), Magnetic, and Electrical Resistivity Methods were used in this study. The Electrical Resistivity Method involved Lateral Horizontal Profiling (LRP) utilizing Wenner configuration. The three (3) methods correlated in terms of statistical prediction and understanding of the geologic dynamics natured associated with foundation failure and integrity. It was deduced that profiles one to six has high tendency of weak geological material which can easily lead to subsidence if any engineering construction is erected on it. However, proper consideration must be put in place to avoid future differential settlements. All the methods give useful information about the dynamics of the geological trends from the preliminary data analysis and interpretations, and a better understanding of the geodynamics nature of the soil as well as the region of a weak and competent zone in terms of engineering constructions.