The study investigated the levels of specific heavy metals in water, tilapia, and vegetables grown in abandoned mining pits in Bukuru, Jos South. Control point was set up in Riyom while five sampling points were chosen throughout Bukuru town. 32 water samples as well as 8 samples of fish and cabbage were gathered. Eight (8) heavy metals, including cadmium, manganese, mercury, copper, nickel, lead, uranium, and zinc, were examined in the samples. The findings demonstrated that the dry season comparison with control did not reveal a statistical difference at ρ > 0.05, d = 0.06, but the comparison of mean seasonal levels of heavy metal levels in water samples with control shows a statistical difference in concentration levels between mean concentration and trend observed at control point at ρ < 0.05, d = 0.02. Nevertheless, compared to the control sample, Cd, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn was higher in cabbage. For both seasons, the maximum allowable limit for fish consumption was exceeded by all investigated heavy metals except for Ur, which was not found. The seasonal distributions of heavy metals in water and cabbage samples were compared, and the results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference at ρ > 0.05, d = 0.32 during the rainy season and ρ > 0.05, d = 0.13 during the dry season. This suggests that heavy metals bioaccumulate in cabbage from water contaminated with heavy metals and there is the need to reclaim the pit to prevent further pollution.

Geological field mapping was conducted in the Builsa South District in the Upper-East Region (Field Sheet 1002D1) and the Mamprugu-Moagduri District in the North-East Region of Ghana (Field Sheet 1002D3), with rock samples taken for geochemical and petrographic studies to investigate mineralogical composition, texture, and microstructures in the rocks; the Kwahu/Bombouaka Group, the oldest sequence, unconformably overlies the Birimian basement complex rocks and is itself unconformably overlain by sediments forming the Oti Group, with the Yabraso Sandstone Formation as the only member of the Kwahu/Bombouaka Group and the Bimbila Formation as the only constituent of the Oti Group; eight sedimentary facies were identified based on lithological characteristics in the outcrops, with three (F1, F2, F3) belonging to the Yabraso Formation and five (F4, F5, F6, F7, F8) belonging to the Bimbila Formation, where the Yabraso Sandstone Formation exhibits a fining-upward sequence and is classified as quartz arenites with a few samples plotting as sub-arkose based on Folk’s (1974) classification, while the Bimbila Formation is stratigraphically divided into four units, from oldest to youngest: Bimbila limestones, weakly micaceous siltstones and mudstones, Bimbila sandstones, and Bimbila silexites.

Climate change is a universal phenomenon which has impacted several aspects of farming such as seasons, crop production, land fertility as well as trees health. The climate change has been observed overtime, reportedly affecting agricultural production in various regions in several countries. The impact of climate change has been more widespread in Pakistan and the country has proved to be more vulnerable. The economy of Pakistan is mainly driven by agriculture-related activities. Pakistan is among the top exporter countries of Citrus fruit and the demand of this product is higher across the world. However, there has been an increasing concern of low Citrus production in Pakistan, as compared to the neighboring countries, an aspect which necessitates the salience of studying Citrus production in Pakistan. To this end, this study examines the effects of rainfall, temperature, humidity and wind speed on Citrus production to identify the Citrus orchards change as a result of climate change. To achieve this goal, this study makes use of various data collection techniques, data sources and different statistical analysis tools such as SPSS to investigate the impact of climate change on Citrus production in the selected area. The findings suggest that there exists a significant correlation between Citrus production and change in temperature (p=0.039), rainfall (p=0.048) and wind speed (p=0.001). In addition, the correlation coefficient between rainfall and Citrus production is positive with a value of 0.341. Mitigating the impacts of climate change has never been so simple and thus a holistic approach is always needed to attain the sustainability status. This study offers recommendations for policymakers to formulate the future policies of the country.

Pavement blocks are increasingly popular in construction due to their durability, versatility, and aesthetics. However, their conventional production process heavily relies on natural resources like sand, cement, and aggregates, raising sustainability concerns. The construction industry faces growing pressure to adopt eco-friendly practices that minimize environmental harm and conserve resources. This study explored using waste materials in making interlocking pavement blocks. It found that replacing some cement with bagasse ash, fly ash, and brick kiln dust improved compressive strength compared to traditional blocks after 28 days. Substituting some aggregate with crushed waste plastic slightly reduced tensile strength, particularly at 7 and 28 days, with lower replacement ratios performing better. Overall, using waste materials in pavement block production has the potential to promote sustainable construction by reducing environmental impact and costs, aligning with sustainable development principles and resource efficiency.

Water is one of the determinants of the human-earth system. Diseases may spring up through water pollution, especially groundwater contamination, and rapidly spread beyond human expectations because of its flow mechanism. This study aims to assess the impact of landfills on groundwater quality in Apete/Awotan area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Southwestern Nigeria using The Electrical Resistivity and hydrochemical methods. The Electrical Resistivity method involves the use of 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) techniques. The hydrochemical method involves the collection of seven water samples from boreholes and hand-dug wells, with sampling depths ranging from 9 to 75 m. Sixteen VES were carried out using Schlumberger array with current electrode spacing varying from 1 to 65 m, with 2-D ERT using Wenner array with an electrode spacing of 5 m interval and was used to determine the subsurface lithologies. The results from both methods indicate high levels of chemical contamination of the water from the boreholes and well water within and outside the dumpsite to a distance of 20 m away; health problems such as typhoid fever or worm infestation are imminent when such water is consumed. Good correlations exist between the Electrical Resistivity results and hydrochemical analysis for contamination in some strategically located notably S1, S2, and S3. 30 m away from the dumpsite are yet to be contaminated and can be relatively said to be of good water quality based on their locations and anions concentrations falling within the maximum permissible limit for water constituents by the World Health Organization.

Study area concedes the compressional stresses caused by the collision of Indian and Eurasian plates molded the northwest- southeast trending faults which are Riasi Fault (RF), Palandri Fault (PF), Godri Badshah Fault (GBF) and Chhechhan Fault (CF). This study intended to analyze the Kamlial sandstone as an aggregate problem for construction industry while sedimentary structure, stratigraphic sequence and geology of the study area were also destined. The study area comprised Nakar, Chhechhan, Holar, Tallian and Sarsawah of Palandri Azad Kashmir. The Impact value, Los Angeles Abrasion resistance, Specific gravity and Water absorption test were evaluated for kamlial sandstone. The samples were collected from Garata Sarsawa, Panjeera, Telyan, Kharran, Jabbri kass, Kand Gora, Parasgali, Garrala, Hollar, Chhechann and Nakar near Pallandri. Impact value of Kamlial Sandstone recorded 25.2, Abrasion Resistance of Kamlial Sandstones is 41.4 % which is less than AASHTO value i.e 50 percent. The Apparent Specific gravity initiate 2.1 percent which is less than ASTM standards i.e between 2.6-2.9. and the Water Absorption value recorded 2.24%. The results intimate that the Kamlial sandstone does not qualify ASTM specification for aggregate.

Nearly two-third part of earth cover by water and this water is not for drinking from this only one percent is only for human use and which is not of sufficient to fulfill the human needs as water is the base of life so to overcome this water shortage problems there are different techniques which are helpful for the treatment of water like Desalination, phytoremediation, reverse osmosis, filtration, chlorination, coagulation and flocculation. As above-described processes solar water distillation is one of the most economic and renewable technique which is easily available everywhere. Many varieties of solar still are now developed regarding design like symmetric solar still, Asymmetric solar still, inclined single slope still, double slope still Steeped solar still and vacuum tube solar still etc. There are different natural factors which effect the yield of water purification like solar radiation, water depth in the basin, ambient temperature, and wind speed. These solar still are successful in arid atmosphere like in continent Africa and some parts of Asia where there is water shortage and irradiance values are higher there. Solar still working principle is to evaporate water in the basin and condense it on glass inner surface and then collect it in the collector. Conventional solar stills are less productive as compared to stills with vacuum tubes and steeped solar still in which internal reflectors were used.

The world is facing soil, air and water pollution problems which may arise the soil degraded, global warming, food shortage and droughts. For our future generations we have to develop sustainable environment technologies. Many studies have addressed some scientific aspects and have been limited focus on the commercial implementation based on urban food production industrial-scale production in rural areas small scale farming is developed in different countries for education and decoration inside buildings. We must encourage the sustainable small farming as indoor fish farming which is the farming of the new millennium aquaponic is a structure of closed-loop combine the elements of hydroponics and aquaculture which could contribute the addressing these problems. This system emphasis on improvement through management and integration of the living components and the bio filter system. From trickling bio filters and plant uptake of aquaculture wastewater results in improved water and nutrients use efficiency and conversation. The challenge to sustainability centers on balancing the aquaculture system environment for the optimum growth of these organism’s maximum production outputs and minimize effluent discharges to the environment emission and might develop the future application of aquaponic for food security.

Pakistan being an agricultural country greatly depends on the water. Intense agriculture and ever-increasing population growth have created stress on the limited water resources of the country. Therefore, use of industrial discharge effluent and sewage water for irrigation is a common practice. Realizing the situation of safe disposal of wastewater in Pattoki to minimize the public risks of indiscriminate disposal of wastewater, Punjab government and Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) constructed a wastewater treatment plant at Pattoki district Kasur. The purpose of this study is to check the efficiency of wastewater being treated by the treatment plant in compliance with the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) and to check the efficiency of functional components of treatment plant. Water samples were collected from various points of the treatment plant in order to perform various onsite and laboratory test (DO, BOD5, COD, Chloride, TSS, and PH) to check the efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant. The results obtained for each water quality parameters (physical, chemical, and biological) were compared with National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). The recommended value of DO was greater than 2 mg/liter, BOD5, COD, Chlorides, TSS and PH by PEQS were less than 80 mg/liter, 150 mg/liter, 1000 mg/liter, 150 mg/liter and 6.5-9 respectively. The measured values of DO, BOD5, COD, Chlorides, TSS and PH were 0.3 mg/liter, 310 mg/liter, 48 mg/liter, 1760 mg/liter, 204 mg/liter and 8.3 respectively. The values of DO, BOD5 and TSS are not within PEQS recommended range. More facultative and anaerobic ponds should be constructed in order to treat total wastewater generated in Pattoki, as present plant is treating almost one fourth of total wastewater generated in Pattoki. Aerators should be provided at the aerobic ponds for improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant. Effluent from the treatment plant can be used for floriculture conjunctively with fresh water. Moreover, the concentration of physio-chemical parameters in the effluent also decreases after mixing the water available in drain. To some extent it also reduces the infiltration of dangerous components (as drain is not lined with concrete) present in wastewater that may contaminate the ground water or may have hazardous effects on quality of soil present in field. However, further studies are required to evaluate chemical parameters or heavy metals like arsenic, fluorides, chromium, zinc etc.

Detailed petrographically studies and microfacies analysis of the Lower Cretaceous Lumshiwal Formation from the eastern Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan have been carried out from a number of sections. Fourteen microfacies including glauconitic sandstone have been identified. These studies have contributed towards the interpretation of its provenance, diagenetic components combined with the environment of deposit. It can help to understand the difference between the Lumshiwal formation of eastern Hazara with other type sections in KalaChita Range and Samana Range by correlating them with respect to environments of deposition.