Wastewater from bioethanol plants is classified as highly concentrated in terms of organic pollution precisely due to distillery stillage. The main problem in the disposal of distillery stillage is the processing of the liquid phase, the volume of which is up to 92% of all wastewater from a bioethanol plant. The existing wastewater treatment technologies of a bioethanol plant can be conditionally divided into four types: evaporation, aerobic biological treatment with fodder yeast production, anaerobic stillage treatment with biogas production, combined schemes. The aim of our work was to study a combined method for cleaning grain stillage by the anaerobic-aerobic method with the immobilization of microorganisms on a fibrous carrier. Physicochemical parameters of grain stillage and purified methane mash were determined according to generally accepted methods for analyzing wastewater from distilleries. Under anaerobic conditions, biogas was formed from distillery stillage, including low molecular weight organic compounds – methane, carbon dioxide, organic acids. After the first anaerobic stage of treatment, the pollution of wastewater decreased by 8-10 times, after which it was fed to the aerobic stage of post-treatment, which was carried out by microorganisms immobilized on a fixed carrier, which reduced the removal of biomass with the flow of purified water and improved treatment performance. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of methane mash after the 1st stage of anaerobic fermentation was 1360 mg/dm3 compared to the initial COD of grain stillage of 15800 mg/dm3, which ensured a purification efficiency of 91.4%. The purification efficiency according to biochemical oxygen demand in five days (BOD5) was 97.5%. After the aerobic stage, the purification efficiency was 98.2% in terms of COD and 99.8% in terms of BOD5. The values of the content of total phosphorus also decreased by almost 20 times, nitrogen – by 9 times, sulfates – by 5 times. The advantages of the proposed method of wastewater treatment of bioethanol plants over existing ones are the ability to treat wastewater with any concentration of pollutants and additional obtaining of fuel – biogas, which can be used to replace natural gas, solving the problem of removing the biomass of microorganisms from the purification zone due to their fixation on a fibrous fixed carrier.

The reforestation that occurred in the South Evros region in northern Greece was documented and studied. Our hypothesis is that the economic footprint of reforestation with conifers is negative, and the presence of conifers influences the size of the burned area in forest fires. The reforested area, the species, the amount spent on reforestation and operations to enhance the quality of the forest products, as well as the amount of money spent to protect such areas and prevent fires, were documented. Additionally, the extraction of forest products and the sales income were examined. The numbers of fires, as well as the total burned area, were documented for the fires that occurred in the studied forests between 1980 and 2016. Then, the fire episodes that had burned areas of more than 100 hectares, were examined. In order to compare spending across time, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) was utilized to convert all gathered expense numbers to December 2016 values. The cost of reforestation is significantly greater than the income it produces, and there is a correlation between the size of the burned forest area and the presence of conifers in the burned area. Based on the results of the present study, the use of conifers in reforestations must be avoided in all cases in the studied area, as well as in similar areas regarding their characteristics and ecology

Malir River which is the major seasonal river of Karachi once supported the market gardening practiced in Karachi. Its valleys and plains, once comprises the cultivated lands of vegetables and fruits that fulfilled the local market demand. But with a shift in rainfall characteristics, the cultivation also started to recede slowly as many of the crops could not withstand the prolonged drought conditions and farmers were not ready to take the risks and hence abandoned cultivation. Hence, changing climate gives way to the industrialization of rapidly growing urban center which in turn inducing desertification. Since the cultivated land which is supplied with water also is helpful in evapo-transpiration leading to precipitation by taking part in the water cycle. But the whole process was disrupted by the abolition of agricultural activity in the area. The study gives a GIS (Geographical Information Sciences) perspective of Land Use/Land Cover of the southern part of Malir plain near its mouth – the Korangi and Landhi Area which were also the active flood plains of Malir during 1960s. Since the huge urbanization and population growth has led to water scarcity in the area due to the reduction of underground aquifers and the reduction of agriculture, high research efficiency can be achieved using satellite imagery and GIS.

Middle eastern countries are among one of the highly water stressed region in the world. Which renders it highly susceptible to water borne diseases. Water borne diseases epidemiology in Middle eastern countries were investigated in this research to determine existing health security in Middle eastern countries. Recent conflicts in the region, deteriorating water supply and infrastructure has led to major outbreaks of diarrhoea and cholera in Syria, Iraq, and Yemen. The water borne disease investigated are; diarrhoea, cholera, hepatitis A, hepatitis E and typhoid to present an overall scenario in the region. Despite proper infrastructure and water supply, stability (social, political and economy) of each country is vital to contain and curb water borne diseases and its outbreak in Middle eastern countries. According to the research results, it can be assumed that there is a high need for an elaborate study to come up with a comprehensive plan to mitigate and control water borne diseases in Middle eastern countries in terms of present and future perspective.

The peculiarities of the formation and functioning of the microbial coenosis of podzolized chernozem soil and the intensity of soil-biological processes when using probiotic preparations in different concentrations containing Bacillus subtilis were studied. Probiotic preparations were applied to the soil in different concentrations and doses in separate areas, and the viability of the soil microbial coenosis of agricultural land was assessed in the spring and autumn periods on the 15th and 30th days after the application of the mixtures. The soil without any substances was considered a control option. The analysis of the coefficients of mineralization - immobilization, oligotrophicity and pedotrophicity determined that the use of probiotics helps to increase the content of nutrients in the soil for various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms, showed that the best result for the functioning of the microbial coenosis of podzolic chernozem soil is observed when using a probiotic in a dilution of 1:10 in a dose of 100 l ha-1. Thus, the use of probiotics in a dilution of 1:10 at a dose of 100 l ha-1 can be used as an environmentally friendly fertilizer in organic farming, which will improve the biological parameters of the soil

The disposal of a large volume of untreated and partially treated domestic wastewater is causing pollution of various water sources. Sewage treatment involving conventional wastewater treatment technologies is costly. In the present study, in-situ treatment of sewage using a commercially effective microbial consortium was investigated in two community open drains of Chanarthal village in Haryana state of India. The pH, turbidity, BOD, and COD were determined in accordance with standard methods. The optimum dose for treatment in the batch study was 1ml/L, and the optimum time for treatment was 5 days. The batch study results were used for continuous in-situ treatment study performed in drains over a period of six weeks. The turbidity, BOD, and COD removal were 60.1, 82.1, and 64.7% in the batch study and 40.1, 61.1, and 56.4% in the continuous in-situ treatment study. It was also observed that a higher dose of microbial consortia gives the same performance as low doses at a later stage of the study.

Temperature and precipitation are significant variables that can be used to determine the climatic variability in a region. This research study has focused on temperature, which is significant for the study of climatic variability over a long period in an area. The temperature has been assessed spatially and temporally in South Xinjiang, China using various climate indices. The temporal data about the temperature of seventeen meteorological stations were acquired from the Chinese Meteorology Administration (CMA) from 1980 to 2018. The Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test and Sen’s Slope (SS) statistical models were used to quantify the magnitude and temporal trend. The monthly and seasonal analysis of temperature reveals a significant increasing trend in mean maximum, mean minimum and average temperatures in the study area. The Sen’s Slope test results indicate an increasing monthly and seasonal temperature trend in almost all meteorological stations. The increasing trend in temperature is mainly due to the desert type of climate of the region that is gradually further aggravating with every passing year. This increasing temperature trend will smoothen the way for perpetual drought in the region in the future. Therefore, this research would be beneficial for future planning and management of water resources in the region and for making preventive measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the study area.

The sludge generated from wastewater treatment facilities contains high nutrients and is characterized by high heating values. Thus, the sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients is a potential candidate for its application as fertilizers and an alternate energy feedstock. Nowadays, energy independence contributes to the economic stability of the country, and therefore the search for alternate energy sources is an acute issue. This paper presents a case study on using sewage sludge as an energy feedstock in Poland. The physicochemical characteristics of the sewage sludge are presented. The fuel properties of sewage sludge generated from different waste water treatment plant (WWTP) are summarized. The calorific value of sewage sludge generated in Poland is insufficient for effective use as an energy raw material, therefore, energy potential of mixture of sludge with other waste have been studied. The general trend of sewage sludge formation and the quantitative forecast for the future showed that in 2020, compared to 2012, sludge accumulation increased by 6.9%, but compared to 2019 - decreased by 3%. From 2012 to 2020 the average, sewage sludge accumulation increased annually by 0.8%. This demonstrates the heterogeneity of waste streams for the production of alternative fuels and a modest increase in sewage sludge production in the coming years. This made it possible to prepare several options for the further development of research in the field of developing technologies for obtaining alternative energy. Also this study will help the prospective researchers understand sewage sludge generation and its use as energy feedstock.

The medical waste problem has swept the whole world. Medical waste accounting and management is urgently needed to reduce the threat of the infections spread and sustainably manage environmental hazards. It is the solution of these issues on the Poltava region example that is this study purpose. Source data have been provided by the Main Department of Statistics in the Poltava region. This data is not available on the open Internet. The predictive dynamics of medical waste generation for 2010-2019 indicates a high probability of an increase in the amount of medical waste to 2030 to the volume of about 71 tons per year. The main sources are Poltava region medical institutions of which 52.3% of the total waste amount is generated in Poltava. To assess the possibility of influencing the situation with medical waste, the crime statistics in this field in the period from 2017 to 2021 was analyzed, which demonstrates an increase in offenses by more than 2.35 times. Ukrainian legislation in the field of offenses for improper handling of medical waste should be revised and articles should be developed and implemented criminal liability for offenses in this activity field.

In recent years, in addition to pollution from cars, factories and other polluting devices, the country of Iran has been the destination of dust that have entered from Iraq and Saudi Arabia and caused pollution of the climate. In this research, the wettability of some native plants in Zagros Mountains has been investigated experimentally by measuring the contact angle. Sampling of oak trees of Quercus brantii Lindl. species was carried out around Khorramabad city, Nozhian waterfall, Chegheni city, and recreation area of Shoorab forest park. Forty samples of oak leaves, red mulberries of Morus rubra L. species and white mulberries of Morus alba L. species were randomly selected and the contact angle of the water drop on them was measured using a contact angle goniometer and also separately measured by Image J software. Under the influence of the dust, it was observed that the contact angle of the leaf area was completely eliminated, but the contact angle of the abaxial leaf surface had not changed; this change in the contact angle seem to be due to the loss of acylic cyst of the oak leaf caused by the disruption of the photosynthesis operation. Oak trees absorb contaminants. This problem eliminates leaf pores and dry leaves. Also, results show that the oak leaves are hydrophobic and have good resistance to drought. However, the presence of a lot of dust causes water droplets to spread completely on the oak leaves, thus reducing watering to the roots. As a result, dust reduces the resistance and resilience of oak trees against drought. Present study is very important for protection and monitoring of forest health and prevention of the reduction of plant species diversity.