Health financing is crucial for economic productivity and the life expectancy of a nation’s labor force. However, Nigeria faces numerous economic factors that threaten its healthcare sector starting from a non-transparent fiscal autonomy leading to a rise in public health expenditure. This has been a significant threat to the Nigerian healthcare sector. From 2016 to 2021, the increase has been unhidden, possibly due to health insurgencies and governance issues. Despite this, fiscal allocation has decreased interest in government health financing, resulting in increased household health expenditures. This hinged the interest of the study to ascertain the disaggregated healthcare expenditures that caused life expectancy differentials in Nigeria between 1990 and 2021 finding a mixed integration at all levels, with life expectancy causing government health expenditure and government health expenditure causing out-of-pocket health expenditure. The study recommends continuous and increased government health spending to enhance life expectancy, boost productivity, and prepare Nigeria for sustainable development by 2030.

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the privatization process within Georgia’s healthcare system, with a primary focus on the hospital sector from the early post-Soviet transition period through the present. Drawing on the conceptual taxonomies of Richard Saltman and Hans Maarse, the study examines the trajectory of reform in Georgia by categorizing privatization into financing, service delivery, management, and investment dimensions. It seeks to critically assess how these dimensions unfolded over time and how they reshaped the state's role in healthcare governance. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Georgia inherited a fragmented and inefficient healthcare system characterized by overcapacity, underfunding, and deteriorating infrastructure. Beginning in the mid-1990s, with support and pressure from international financial institutions such as the World Bank, the Georgian government embarked on a series of neoliberal reforms designed to shift the burden of healthcare provision from the state to the private sector. The initial stage of this transition saw the decentralization of hospital management and the legal transformation of public facilities into limited liability or joint-stock companies. These reforms culminated in the 2007 launch of the "100 Hospitals" initiative, a master plan that aimed for the rapid privatization and complete reconstruction of the hospital infrastructure nationwide. By 2009, over 80% of hospitals had been privatized. However, many of these transactions were marked by insufficient oversight, weak contractual enforcement, and speculative use of hospital real estate, particularly in urban centers such as Tbilisi. In an effort to accelerate reforms and attract private investment, the government later allowed insurance and pharmaceutical companies to own and operate hospitals. This led to vertical integration within the healthcare market, undermining the separation between financing, service provision, and regulatory functions. As a result, conflicts of interest emerged, and regulatory capacity remained underdeveloped. The paper argues that, while privatization introduced market competition, enhanced infrastructure in some areas, and reduced public expenditure, it also contributed to significant inequities in access, especially in rural regions. Patients often faced high out-of-pocket payments and limited coverage from private insurance plans, while essential but non-profitable services—such as mental health care, oncology, and rare disease treatment—were deprioritized or discontinued altogether. In many cases, privatization led to the formalization of pre-existing informal payments, rather than their elimination. The introduction of Georgia’s Universal Healthcare Program in 2013 signaled a partial reversal of this trajectory. The program restored the state’s role as a central healthcare funder and aimed to ensure baseline service coverage for the entire population, regardless of income. However, the delivery of care remains predominantly in private hands, creating a structural tension between public financing and private provision. This hybrid arrangement complicates state oversight, dilutes accountability, and poses ongoing challenges in achieving quality, efficiency, and equity. The Georgian case illustrates the complexities and contradictions inherent in health sector privatization in transitional economies. The paper concludes that privatization, if not carefully designed and regulated, risks undermining public health objectives. A more balanced model—combining private-sector innovation with strong public-sector stewardship—is essential to achieving sustainable, equitable healthcare reform. Future policy must prioritize the development of regulatory institutions, investment in health workforce capacity, and the protection of vulnerable populations from catastrophic health expenditures.

Regional development is the main vector of the state's regional economic policy. Policies aimed at stimulating economic activity in a specific region of the country are always important. As a rule, the object of regional policy is economically backward compared to its neighboring territories. After Georgia gained independence, regional economic policy was implemented on various scales and using various instruments. However, due to the political and economic processes developing in the country in the first decade, these efforts were minimal. The paper discusses in detail the specifics of the formation of gross domestic product and regional characteristics in Georgia, and analyzes the contribution of regions to GDP generation. The differentiation of regions according to types of economic activity and the difficulties caused by the asymmetric development of regions are presented. The irrational and asymmetrical distribution of resources among regions is the main condition for the weakening of the country. This is reflected in development inequalities and socio-economic problems. The joint efforts of the regions in terms of integrating labor, financial, and natural resources will contribute to solving the problems of regional economic development. It is necessary to develop standards for territorial economic development strategies, a unified methodology, tools, and performance indicators for the strategic planning process. This requires the implementation of legislative and other regulatory and normative changes. It is necessary to conduct regular analysis of regional opportunities, the resulting rankings of which will allow us to assess investment attractiveness and identify challenges.

Economic growth, inequality and poverty are closely linked. Although economic growth can contribute to the increase in general well-being, increasing inequality often reduces the effectiveness of economic progress and increases the level of poverty. The triangle model (poverty-growth-inequality triangle) developed by Bourguignon (2004) remains one of the most important theories in the analysis of developing economies. Its main advantage is the understanding of the interaction of growth and inequality as a determining factor in the dynamics of poverty. Economic growth is not enough to eliminate poverty if it is not evenly distributed. However, critics emphasize that the analysis of global poverty needs to take into account more complex factors, including the impact of education, financial stability, and economic cycles. The Bourguignon Triangle model shows that poverty reduction is possible only when economic growth is distributed evenly across the population. Accordingly, economic policies should focus on the equitable distribution of income in order to achieve sustainable socio-economic development.

This paper aims to establish how the theoretical background of the cycle of money applies to a real-world scenario, specifically focusing on the economic system of Georgia. The cycle of money index measures how an economic system can counteract a monetary crisis and assesses the structural robustness of a country's economy. The index calculations for Georgia are compared to the global average, providing insight into the country's economic health and its capacity to withstand economic crises. The conclusions indicate that Georgia's index is under but dynamically increased achieving to meet the global average, suggesting that its economy is relatively strong and capable of facing economic challenges. The methodology applied in this study adheres to established theories, utilizing mathematical, statistical, and econometric techniques to arrive at its conclusions. This research is significant as it highlights the resilience of Georgia's economy in the face of potential crises. The findings align with prior studies on the cycle of money index in other countries, such as Latvia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Thailand, and Greece. According to this theory, companies with substantial capital should focus their investments on manufacturing and high-technology sectors, benefiting from reduced taxes to ensure better money distribution across the economy. Smaller companies would then address other economic sectors, promoting overall economic balance. This study is part of a broader project that examines the cycle of money index across multiple countries, marking the first time such an analysis has been conducted for Georgia. The period analyzed for this study spans the global recession from 2012 to 2017.

This article presents a fresh perspective on the Triffin Paradox, a concept introduced by economist Robert Triffin in the mid-20th century that continues to have a significant impact on global financial systems and policies. Despite the passage of time and the evolution of the economy, the fundamental principles of the Triffin Paradox remain relevant in today's financial discussions. The paper provides a thorough analysis of the ongoing relevance of the Triffin Paradox in the modern global economy. It draws upon historical context, theoretical frameworks, and empirical evidence to shed light on how the paradox continues to manifest itself in the current financial landscape. Specifically, it explores how the dominance of the U.S. dollar as the world's primary reserve currency perpetuates structural imbalances and systemic vulnerabilities, echoing the concerns raised by Triffin. Moreover, the paper delves into the implications of the Triffin Paradox for various stakeholders, including policymakers and central banks. It examines the challenges posed by the pursuit of domestic monetary policy objectives in an interconnected world, where the stability of the global financial system relies heavily on the stability of the reserve currency issuer. Additionally, the paper explores potential strategies for mitigating the risks associated with the Triffin Paradox and fostering a more sustainable international monetary order. By integrating insights from economics, finance, and international relations, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the Triffin Paradox and its enduring significance in shaping contemporary financial dynamics. It emphasizes the need for policymakers and stakeholders to address the inherent structural tensions in the global monetary system, with the goal of promoting financial stability, economic resilience, and inclusive prosperity worldwide.

Artificial intelligence can reduce the burden on doctors and improve their analytical skills. Collaboration between physicians and artificial intelligence has the greatest potential to improve clinical decision-making and patient health outcomes. Due to the complexity of the main symptoms of the diseases, it is difficult to develop early diagnostic tools. Therefore, effective and timely diagnosis of the disease remains a challenge in the medical field. Although the integration of artificial intelligence into medical practice is still in its early stages, its full use for medical diagnostics is possible, especially in the direction of cancer prevention. Artificial intelligence can have a significant impact on medical practice, in particular improving the accuracy of diagnosis, saving costs and time compared to traditional diagnostic methods. Also, artificial intelligence has the potential to make clinical laboratory testing more accurate, faster, and more efficient. It is worth noting that in the health sector, errors in the diagnostic process are the biggest problem. Artificial intelligence can minimize diagnostic errors and detect life-threatening diseases in patients at an early stage. In this regard, the decisive role of artificial intelligence in determining the dosage of medicines, as well as in predicting drug contraindications, which is important for improving the treatment results, is crucial. Artificial intelligence has the potential to analyze individual cases and compare them with patient databases, allowing for individualized treatment planning. This indicates the revolutionary potential of artificial intelligence in medicine. However, experts admit that artificial intelligence presents a challenge because the implementation of algorithms is not an independent process and takes place in a dynamic environment where human reaction and adaptation play a crucial role. Medical education about artificial intelligence is essential because future doctors will have to provide medical services to patients in completely different healthcare settings. To fully realize the potential of artificial intelligence, it is necessary to have properly qualified human resources, to collect quality medical data, to take into account the confidentiality and availability of patient data. Continuous evaluation of AI systems is essential to ensure their sustainable performance over time. Arguably, collaboration between computer scientists and healthcare providers is essential for the practical and successful implementation of artificial intelligence.

Ministry of Labour, Health and Social Affairs realized reform from 1th february till 1th september in 2014 for prescription system implementation. According to these changes pharmaceutical products of second group becamethe prescription medicines. In Georgia, access to and supply Rx medicines is governed by a regulatory framework. Second group drugs are only available to the public when prescribed by doctors on new prescription form N 3. The aim of research is to reveal and evaluate positive and negative sides of new prescription system; to study it, sinfluence on achievement process to drugs. As part of the quantitative research, doctors and pharmacists of the medical institution were interviewed. As part of the qualitative research, in-depth interviews with healthcare experts were conducted. The special questionnaire was designed for each aimed group. The questionnaires consist of open and closed questions. The results of the study revealed the positive aspects of the Prescription Institute: with this reform, the system returned to the logic of normal clinical medicine; The role of the doctor in relation to the patient's pharmacotherapy has been strengthened; The competence of the pharmacist was included in the appropriate framework and the specific skills of selling medicinal products by prescription were developed; The culture of purchasing medicines with prescriptions has been established among the population; At the same time, the results of the research revealed such actual problems that are an obstacle to the introduction of the prescription institute: prescription drugs are sold without a prescription; In the doctor's offices opened next to the pharmacies, the doctor is limited to prescribing only prescriptions; In case of chronic or long-term diseases, patients' access to prescription drugs is complicated; Doctors do not have complete information about the dispensing mode of this or that pharmaceutical product from the pharmacy. Pharmacists talk about the lack of specific skills in prescribing prescriptions: in the case of more than one medicine prescribed on one prescription form, the prescription is cancelled; Prescriptions not certified with a seal are invalid; Incorrectly indicated generic name, inconsistency between generic and trade names, prescription of a combined pharmaceutical product with a generic name prolongs the service of the user; Incorrectly indicated course of treatment, drug release forms, medicinal dose are the cause of misunderstanding; e.g. A pharmacist is prohibited from selling a 10 mg tablet of the same name medicine instead of a specified 5 mg tablet. One of the goals of the reform planned by the Ministry of Health is the correct treatment, the reduction of the share of expenses on medicine and the harm caused by self-medication. It is too early to talk about these achievements within the framework of the conducted research, however, one of the details was revealed that will contribute to the reduction of expenses on medicines, namely: it is necessary to indicate the diagnosis in the prescription according to ACD-10; The doctor's prescription should always be consistent with the diagnosis; The institute of prescriptions should reveal the rationality of the prescription issued by the doctor, compliance with the guidelines, which will partially reduce the costs of medicines. The reform implemented in connection with the restoration and establishment of the Institute of Recipes in Georgia is a step forward. The medical community unequivocally welcomes this change. The competence and authority of the doctor increased; the specific rules for prescribing by a doctor and issuing prescription medication by a pharmacist are gradually being established. Along with the highlighted positive aspects, significant systemic errors and technical flaws are visible. The sale of drugs of the second group without a prescription is an obstacle to the introduction of the Institute of Prescriptions. At this stage, fining the pharmacy cannot solve the problem. The Ministry of Health considers the establishment of an electronic prescription system to eliminate this problem. The current activity of the "pharmacy" doctor also hinders the reform. Access to medicines for patients with chronic diseases is complicated. The existing classification of medicines has flaws. Recommendations Based on the conducted research, the following recommendations were developed: • Improving the administration of the prescription institute implementation process; • Study of the activities of "pharmacy" doctors by the Agency for the Regulation of Medical Activities; • Refinement of regulatory normative base, administration tools; • Revision of the classification of pharmaceutical products and periodically making rational changes taking into account the data of AMEA, WHO, PSUR; • In order to use medicines rationally, it is advisable to introduce a system of electronic prescriptions.

Among all other resources, Human Resources are the most relevant in increasing the efficiency of companies' operations. Currently, the attitude towards the role and importance of Human Resources has changed significantly. As the issue of using modern information technologies and thinking in global categories becomes more active, special emphasis is placed on relationships with that personnel who can offer innovations to company leaders. In fact, they constitute the main core of the intellectual capital of production. The purpose of the article is to analyze the role and place of information technologies in the management (including strategy) of Human Resources. The subject of the research is outsourcing in personnel management. When does a company turn to outsourcing? This is the main issue around which many discussions and scientific disputes have been and are being conducted today in the scientific space. Research on Human Resources outsourcing in Georgia is still scarce. This article is a modest attempt to fill this gap. As a result of the study, both general and case-specific factors of Human Resources management that are currently relevant for Georgia were identified.

The field of education has always represented and represents one of the innovative sectors of the economy, which literally determines the innovative activities of almost all other sectors, creates an innovative climate and a competitive environment in the country's economy. Introduction of changes (innovations) in the education system can be associated with:  the improvement of the goal of the education system, teaching/learning methods, the form of organization and management system;  the style of teaching activities and organizing the teaching-cognitive process;  the knowledge monitoring system and the assessment of education level;  the funding system;  educational and methodological support;  educational activities;  the improvement of educational curricula;  the activities of teachers and students. In general, the essence of innovation in education consists in searching for new approaches of young generation to education and to its successful application. The basic types of the technologies, which are being actively introduced in the universities educational processes, and the application of which for teaching purposes, are being increasingly extended, include: Internet technologies; electronic mail technologies; computer education programs; Web-technologies; the Dean’s electronic offices; e-learning, the mirror teaching methods and so on. In addition, focus should be shifted from problems relating to the implementation of technological changes in higher schools to those ones, which are directly related to the expected behaviors of teaching staff in higher education institutions. These problems include:  Creativity barrier. Members of the teaching staff, who are accustomed to working with the old programs, have no desire to make a difference, conduct training, take exams, develop, much less to spent money on all this. Mostly, they are hostile to all novelties in the educational system;  Conformism. Lack of desire for development, the fear of looking out of place and ridiculous. Members of the teaching staff often refused to make the unsual educational decisions;  Trait anxiety. Due to self-doubt, a lck of confidence in their own abilities, low self-esteem and because of fear in expressing their own views, some members of teaching staff are opposed to any change;  Rigidity of thinking. Members of teaching staff holding rigidity to past positions feel that their views are the only right solution, which they see as irreversible. They are not eager to acquire new knowledge and skills. The main reason for evasion of innovations in the modern education system consists in fact that with the appearance of new technologies and new devices, the quaetion arises as to whether these means will replace living labor. However, we should remember that these technologies mainly impact not on the number of jobs, but on the quality requirement of labor. For the support and development of innovative activities, the administration of the higher education institution should, first of all, take the formation of the motivation system for this activity as an orientation. Their task is to see these motives and use its possibilities to achieve the desired goals.