The traditional Leontief input–output model analyzes an economy’s productive structure under the assumption of perfect competition. However, this limits its ability to capture the impact of market concentration and economies of scale in production networks. This article proposes a new methodological framework that explicitly incorporates these elements via a nonlinear reformulation of the model. The strategy has two stages: first, a theoretical reformulation that incorporates concentration and scale indicators, and second, econometric estimation of those parameters. The methodology is applied to Mexico using the most recent available input–output table. The results suggest that concentrated industries significantly influence intersectoral relationships. This proposed method opens a new line of research with promising potential for investigating how market concentration shapes the demand for intermediate inputs and influences economic development.

Existing methods for allocating carbon emissions rely on production volumes and consumption, often misaligning emissions with production benefits. This study redefines production benefits as the gains received by factor providers (e.g. wages and profits) rather than those received by producers. We propose a benefit principle that attributes carbon emissions based on both production and consumption benefits. Our findings show that this approach allocates more emissions to developed countries and fewer to developing ones, reveals higher emissions embodied in trade, and highlights distinct national patterns: in India and Iran, emissions attributed to profits exceed those from wages, while China shows higher emissions linked to capital depreciation. These results suggest that climate policies should prioritize developed economies and better address trade-related emissions. Additionally, India and Iran should focus on profit-driven emissions, while China should address capital-related emissions. This method helps reduce allocation disputes and offers broader applicability for allocating other pollutants.

Environmentally extended multi-regional input–output (EEMRIO) analysis enables emission accounting over supply chains starting from production-based emissions reported by countries. In addition to well-known approaches that base the accounting on a country’s final demand, this article proposes a production footprint that includes all direct and upstream emissions from a country’s production activities. We applied various accounting approaches to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to consumption and production in all 27 EU Member States. Our results showed that production footprints exceeded consumption footprints in all Member States, except France, Italy and Croatia. Consumption and production footprints identified different sectors as main contributors to total emissions per country. An analysis that focuses only on consumption footprints, disregarding production footprints, misses up to 69% of a country’s total import-related GHG emissions. We recommend that policymakers consider both consumption and production footprints together with production-based emissions, as this may lead to different reduction opportunities.

This paper analyses Spanish households’ vulnerability to oil price shocks from a gender perspective and explores different compensatory policies to reduce it. The methodological approach combines an input–output price model and a microsimulation model based on the Household Budget Survey. The paper studies the impacts of the recent surge in oil prices using four scenarios based on different alleviation measures (discounts on fuels, subsidies for public transport, and a combination of the two). Gender implications are analyzed considering the gender of the household reference person and the household feminization degree. The results show that oil price shocks have a more significant impact on those households with greater mobility needs, dependence on private transport, and less accessibility to public transport. Among the policy responses, subsidizing public transport would be the most effective policy from an economic point of view and the fairest from a gender and social justice perspective.

This paper estimates the health and environmental benefits from reducing sugar intake in EU households. A CGE model is modified by linking probability density functions of body mass index for EU populations to a complete demand system with nutrition accounting. Following the WHO recommendation, sugar intake is reduced to 10% of total dietary energy intake, whilst two further scenarios explore more ambitious targets of 7.5% and 5%. This dietary transition leads to a relative reduction in overweight and obese EU adults of between 8 and 15 million by 2050, with potentially significant health gains in Scandinavia. Environmental ‘footprints’ reveal relative land and emissions savings of up to 56m2 and 20 kgCO2e per capita per year by 2050. With scientific evidence supporting a virtuous circle of improved health, higher wages and increased macroeconomic performance, the reported negative impacts on economic indicators in this study could be reversed through targeted redistributive policies.

ABSTRACT Pakistan has faced significant economic losses due to catastrophes, specifically floods. This study aims to assess the ripple effects of the 2022 floods, focusing on the Construction Industry, which has been gaining importance in the national economy, and on the resilience of economic sectors absorbing the negative shocks from floods. The study uses the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) Input-Output database for Pakistan using the Dynamic Inoperability Input-Output Model (DIIM) with the Fuzzy Full Consistency Method (F-FUCOM). The analysis revealed that the Construction Industry’s weak resilience resulted in a prolonged recovery period and that the lack of flood risk mitigation infrastructure was identified as the most critical. The results suggest that policymakers prioritise such infrastructures, like dams, early warning systems, and transportation infrastructure, to enhance the resilience of the overall economy.

Given recent breakdowns in global value chains, like the COVID-19 crisis or the conflict in Ukraine, developed economies are trying to develop resilience to address future drawbacks. Backshoring and nearshoring arise as attractive solutions to reduce exposure to global disruptions and undesirable practices such as forced labour. This study analyses the labour impacts of a hypothetical EU-driven reconfiguration of value chains of the fashion industry through a multi-regional input-output model. Using the Structural Path Analysis methodology, how forced labour is transmitted within Europe is explored. Once the forced labour hotspots are determined, we explore the socioeconomic consequences of a trade-restructuring strategy simulated through the source-shifting technique. Our results show that the forced labour embodied in the European final demand for fashion products could fall by up to 34.2%. This strategy could generate more than 190,000 jobs in Europe, while China and India could lose more than 1.5 million jobs each.

This article presents the construction of an environmentally extended multi-scale multi-region supply and use table (MRSUT) combining the global MRSUT from EXIOBASE with a national MRSUT at the provincial level for Indonesia using TERM database (called INDOTERM). The multi-scale MRSUT covers 2010 and 2016, reflecting comprehensive information on the transactions of 80 products among 80 different industries across 34 Indonesian provinces, 43 countries, and 5 remaining continents. To ensure the consistency of Indonesian provincial data in the multi-scale MRSUT, we use a (sub)national accounts consistent approach. Extensions are created in the MRSUT, providing valuable information regarding GHG emissions, land use, and job creation. As an illustrative example of the practical utility of this multi-scale MRSUT, a case study is used to demonstrate how changes in global consumption can have differential economic and environmental impacts on specific provinces within Indonesia.

Anticipated increase in future river flood risk highlights the need for effective flood insurance, as it enables hedging against this risk. However, its design varies significantly across countries. This study contributes to the debate on designing flood insurance mechanisms from an economy-wide perspective, considering both socioeconomic and climate changes. We apply a multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for 2050 and find that, under current insurance market systems, flood risk causes regional GDP losses of up to −0.5%, societal welfare losses of up to −1%, and private and public consumption losses of up to −0.5% and −2.4%, respectively. These estimates are all relative to a scenario without flood risk. Our results indicate that flood risk intensifies pressure on public budgets. We find that insurance market reforms, including a higher degree of risk-sharing, mandatory purchase requirements, and public reinsurance, can alleviate adverse welfare effects and the burden on public budgets.

Empirical evidence increasingly indicates that to achieve sufficiently rapid decarbonisation, high-income economies may need to adopt degrowth policies, scaling down less-necessary forms of production and demand, in addition to rapid deployment of renewables. Calls have been made for degrowth climate mitigation scenarios. However, so far these have not been modelled within the established Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) for future scenario analysis of the energy-economy-emission nexus, partly because the architecture of these IAMs has growth ‘baked in’. In this work, we modify one of the common IAMs – MESSAGEix – to make it compatible with degrowth scenarios. We simulate scenarios featuring low and negative growth in a high-income economy (Australia). We achieve this by detaching MESSAGEix from its monotonically growing utility function, and by formulating an alternative utility function based on non-monotonic preferences. The outcomes from such modified scenarios reflect some characteristics of degrowth futures, including reduced aggregate production and declining energy and emissions. However, further work is needed to explore other key degrowth features such as sectoral differentiation, redistribution, and provisioning system transformation.