Abstract The purpose of the research work is to determine impact of the economic growth, digitization indicators and birth rate on female labor force in the Kazakhstan. For this purpose, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was used. Data were obtained from the WDI website for period 1994–2022. Individuals using internet, Mobile cellular subscriptions (MCS), ICT service exports were taken as indicators of digitalization, and GDP growth was taken as indicator of economic growth. As a result of ARDL model, Internet users are negatively linked to the female labor force both in the short and in the long term. Mobile cellular subscriptions have a positive influence on the female labor force only in the short term, and however, showed its insignificance in the long term. ICT service export and GDP growth has a positive effect on the female labor force both in the short term and in the long term. Fertility rate has a positive effect on female labor force in the short and long term. Research work includes review of world literature and, based on this, an econometric model for Kazakhstan was created, and further presents proposals on how women’s employment can increase economic growth in Kazakhstan, also a comprehensive literature review and updated econometric model were developed. This research work carried can be used by other researchers for their regions of interest, and further recommendations can be considered in their case study.

Abstract This study examines the effect of corporate governance and firm size on operational risk and financial performance in commercial banks in Ghana. It focuses on how board characteristics such as board size, independence, meeting frequency, and financial expertise affect the operational risk and financial outcomes of these banks. Additionally, the study examines how firm size moderates the relationship between corporate governance practices and both operational risk and financial performance. The research uses panel data collected from 15 commercial banks over 10 years (2013–2022). A two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression model was employed to test the hypotheses. The results of the direct relationships showed that board size, board meetings and firm size had a significant effect on operational risk even though that of board size and firm size were negative. Board meetings and board independence significantly influence bank performance (ROA & ROE) even though board meetings had a negative association with ROA and ROE. With respect to the interactions, the moderating effect of firm size on board meetings had a significant negative effect on operational risk. Furthermore, the moderating effect of firm size on the relationship between board size and ROA & ROE is positive and statistically significant whiles that of the interaction of firm size and board meetings is negative and statistically significant. The study contributes to the understanding of corporate governance practices in emerging markets, particularly in Ghana’s banking sector, highlighting the importance of board composition and firm size in managing operational risk and improving financial outcomes.

The article discusses one of the healthcare financing models – Universal Healthcare, which has been in operation in Georgia since 2013. The main priorities for our country are the universal coverage of the population with medical services, protection from financial risks, and the equitable and fair provision of high-quality healthcare services. To achieve these goals, it is essential to analyze the experiences of other countries, share their results, and consider their challenges in order to better plan the reforms necessary for optimizing healthcare costs. Keywords: Universal healthcare, financing model, economic impact, medical

Generally, the linguistic nature of the language situation includes various configurations: different forms of the same language or different languages. On this basis, monolingual and multilingual language situations are distinguished. The latter model corresponds to the linguistic situation in Batumi. The paper establishes the basic principles of the study of the Batumi urban dialect and clarifies the role that the media, in particular the newspaper “Batumelebi”, play in the process of this study. The influence of the language of global information media and regional speech, in particular the Batumi urban dialect, on the linguostylistics of the newspaper “Batumelebi” (at the lexical-semantic, phraseological, stylistic, syntactic and precedent levels) is discussed. The topic and target audience of the newspaper “Batumelebi” are specific. In addition to the fact that it covers the whole of Adjara, the individual subregions of which have specific linguistic tastes, the main readers of the newspaper are still Batumi residents, who have natural requirements for the style and linguistic appearance of publications. Accordingly, a certain conflict arises between linguistic tastes, since each person or group believes that the direct addressee of the publication is him. Therefore, the authors must find a language acceptable to him for communication. Naturally, the rural population does not like the appearance of foreign lexical units in publications, which causes them serious irritation. On the other hand, an intellectual reader does not like primitive, simplified language, the addressee of which is a rural peasant. Unlike the world's information giants, which create different versions of the same information for different countries, depending on the tastes of the target audience, the newspaper has to maneuver between two different types of readers, which is reflected in the style of the publications. Keywords: Urban dialect, Urban mentality, Comunicative circle, Linguistic-contact field, Speech culture, precedent field.

The pharmaceutical market plays a crucial role in both economic development and public health outcomes. The impact of regulatory frameworks, competition, and economic factors on the growth of the pharmaceutical sector is particularly significant in transitioning economies, including Georgia. A review of existing literature indicates that the efficiency of the pharmaceutical market is largely influenced by regulatory policies, pricing control mechanisms, and the involvement of international companies. This study is based on a quantitative survey aimed at assessing the challenges and opportunities within Georgia’s pharmaceutical market. The findings reveal that regulatory complexities, issues related to medication accessibility, and inefficiencies in distribution channels significantly affect the sector’s operational environment. Furthermore, the influence of international pharmaceutical corporations and the competitive dynamics of the market present both opportunities and challenges for local companies. The study concludes that targeted policy reforms are necessary to optimize regulatory frameworks, foster market development, and enhance access to pharmaceutical products for the public. Keywords: Pharmaceutical market, Pricing strategy, Regulatory policies.

Abstract The objective of this research is to identify whether the risks associated with bank syndications can contribute to the increase or decrease in bank profitability and also whether bank syndications can contribute to the dispersion of risks associated with this activity, within the three most important financial markets: the USA, Europe, and China. To identify the interdependencies between bank profitability and risk diversification, the article analyses a panel vector autoregression estimated over the period 2008–2020 and a quantile regression. The factors considered are consistent with the relationship between risk and return in bank syndications: return factors (return on assets, volume of syndicated loans) and risk factors (non-performing loans, foreign exchange rate, interest rate). The results of the research reflect that risks assumed in bank syndications can be dispersed among syndicate participants and also bank syndications contribute to bank profitability. The results of this research can be further utilized to develop risk management capabilities and adjust financial mechanisms to manage vulnerabilities in the dynamic context of crises.

Abstract This study empirically applies de Soto’s representative property system to Colonial Korea, based on the theoretical approach of Han’s 2020 work. The number of property registrations increased drastically after the completion of the Land Survey Project in 1918, along with the mortgage count and bank loan balance. Structural change tests confirm this observation, and Johansen cointegration tests show that property registration, mortgage, bank loan, and gross domestic product are cointegrated with each other. One-way causality/exogeneity is revealed from property registration, mortgage, and bank loans to GDP by Granger, vector error correction model, and impulse response function models, with the role of mortgage standing out. These findings support the hypothesis that a representative property system established in the 1920s in Colonial Korea has paved the way for an economic take-off of Korea (South) over the course of the next several decades.

Pharmacoepidemiology and economics are closely intertwined, particularly in healthcare, where the assessment of drug safety and efficacy directly impacts financial decisions. Pharmacoepidemiological studies play an essential role in evaluating cost-effectiveness, analyzing medication usage, and assessing health technologies (HTA), which enhances healthcare system outcomes and efficiency. Administrative and electronic medical record (EMR) databases, along with patient registries, provide critical data on healthcare costs, medication utilization, and clinical outcomes. Analyzing this information establishes a strong foundation for informed, cost-effective, and strategic decision-making in pharmaceuticals. The integration of outcome-focused pharmacoepidemiological data enables healthcare systems to create more stable and economically sustainable models, improving patient care quality and optimizing resource use. Keywords: Cost-effectiveness, Pharmacoepidemiology.

The art of leadership and qualities of management are the necessary conditions on which the success of any institution depends, be it the private or public sector. This is why the development of management as a science is becoming more and more priority. As civilization progresses, the 21st century offers new challenges that make it necessary to study the qualities of the modern leader who influence successful governance. These qualities, of course, must correspond to their functions and duties. The scientific approach to education management in Georgia is relatively new, so leadership is also a very problematic issue in this area. The educational community of the 21st century sets drastically different requirements for the manager and requires a completely different set of qualities. The article discusses issues important to the success of modern educational institutions and their leaders regarding the management style. Keywords: Education, management, leadership, manager, management style.

Abstract This article estimates the size of short- and long-term fiscal multipliers for fiscal revenue and aggregate and disaggregate public expenditure in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). The empirical methodology is based on the estimation of a vector error correction model using panel data from 1996 to 2023. The estimation results indicate that the short- and long-term fiscal multipliers in the WAEMU area are less than one and are relatively low compared with those in other similar economic zones. Consistent with the standard literature, our results show that output increases in response to a positive government expenditure shock, whereas output decreases in response to a positive fiscal revenue shock. The results using disaggregated government expenditure reveal that public investment expenditure has larger multipliers than public consumption expenditure in both the short and long run, highlighting the greater impact of capital investment on output. Furthermore, spending on human capital has much higher multipliers than spending on non-human capital over both the short and long run. This confirms the critical role of investing in human capital to foster sustainable growth.