Human development has become a national development priority in the vision of Indonesia Emas 2045, but the HDI score shows district-level inequality in increasing local government expenditure. This study aims to identify the effect of local government expenditure realization on HDI. The data used is 508 districts of Indonesia in 2017-2022, and it was analyzed using a panel data regression fixed-effect model. The novelty of this study lies in the local government at the district level and local government expenditure according to function and type classification. The study shows that education expenditure, health expenditure, economic expenditure, employee expenditure, and goods and services expenditure have a significant positive effect on HDI, but capital expenditure has a significant negative effect on HDI. Local governments are expected to understand the dominant role of health expenditure in increasing HDI, increase the budget allocation for economic and capital expenditure, reduce the budget allocation for employee and goods and services, and measure the performance of local government expenditure.

The dynamics of a country's exports are determined not only by the supply side but also by the demand side. This research examines the influence of the demand side on Indonesia's exports. Its primary aim is to analyze the effects of per capita income, inflation, and the exchange rates of partner countries on the demand for Indonesia's exports in the ASEAN region. The data used is panel data covering the observation period from 2000 to 2021, encompassing nine ASEAN member countries trading partners with Indonesia. The analytical method employed is a panel regression model using a random effects approach, estimated through the EGLS method. The findings indicate that an increase in per capita income, inflation, and the appreciation of partner countries' currencies against the USD can stimulate the demand for Indonesia's exports in the ASEAN region, albeit to varying degrees.

Economic growth is one of the goals that every country strives for because it is a measurement of a country's success. Gender equality and gender empowerment are important goals for Indonesia's development and economic growth. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of women’s role on the indicators of the gender development index, gender empowerment index, women's life expectancy, mean years of schooling for women, and women's income contribution to gross regional domestic product (GRDP), which is a proxy for Indonesian economic growth. This quantitative study uses a panel data regression model, secondary data from Statistics Indonesia, time series data from 2014 to 2021 and cross-section data for 34 provinces in Indonesia. The study's findings yielded 272 observations. Empirical results show that all indicators used to measure women's role, namely gender development index, gender empowerment index, women's life expectancy, mean years of schooling for women, and women's income contribution, have a positive and significant effect on Indonesia’s economic growth. The findings of the study show the Indonesian government's dedication to increasing women's role in various economic sectors in Indonesia. The influence of women's roles indicates additional household income and economic growth.

Amidst on the debate of the trade openness (TO) importance in influencing an economic growth (EG) and the central bank policy rate (CBPR), it is necessary to analyze the long-term relationship by using ARDL. This paper aims to analyze the CBPR and TO influence on EG in ASEAN -3. This study examines the EG model which focuses on the effect of CBPR and the ratio of exports in which plus imports divided by GDP as a measure of TO in ASEAN-3. The Data was collected from IFS for Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand for the period 2007q1-2022q2. The ARDL test method is used to determine the long-term relationship among the EG, TO and CBPR variables with different degrees of the integration. The FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR testing is for check robustness. The study show that CBPR has a positive effect on the EG in ASEAN-3, although it is only in Indonesia, and in Philippines which is statistically significant. The TO positive effect on the EG in Indonesia and in Thailand, but it is not significant and it has a TO statistically significant negative effect on EG in Philippines. The importance of this research given the recent interest in globalization activities, so the role of TO has become very important. A better TO understanding whether import dominance or vice versa helps in understanding the impact of globalization on the country economy. This finding emphasizes on the export importance over the imports in the economy. However, there is not an academic research looks at the long-term relationship between monetary policy and trade openness on the economic growth with the various econometric models.

Financial inclusion is an important element in creating inclusive economic growth. The availability of easy access to public services can facilitate all levels of society. This study focuses on analyzing the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth and income inequality in countries based on their income categories. The research object is 440 observations with secondary data using cross-section and time-series data for 11 years, 2010 - 2020, and using objects from 40 countries in the world based on their income categories. This research uses panel method regression analysis. The results of panel data regression show that financial inclusion affects economic growth and income inequality when estimated with complementary variables, inflation, and the rule of law. In its effect on economic growth, financial inclusion has proven to be influential in the categories of lower-middle-income and high-income countries. Meanwhile, in terms of its impact on income inequality, financial inclusion is proven to affect the lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income categories of countries. The results of this study become a consideration for countries based on their income categories to increase financial inclusion so that policies can be achieved to improve people's welfare through financial inclusion

PT Badak NGL through its CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) programs contributes to Sustainable Development (SDGs) realization. One of its CSR programs is Salin Swara which is related to a community waste program aiming at creating society’s collective awareness of common waste and household waste management to preserve the environment. This quasi-qualitative study attempted to assess the social impact received by salin swara stakeholders and the amount of social impact resulting from this program compared to the investment made by PT Badak NGL. In data analysis, this study used triangulation techniques to map the advantages of this program (qualitative) and the Social Return on Investment-SROI method (quantitative). To collect the data, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions, and secondary data reviews were done. Practically this study provides an overview for companies to evaluate their CSR programs using the SROI method, while the results can be a basis for optimizing the next CSR program. Based on the SROI method, Salin Swara program gained a score of 2.33, meaning that the program benefitted 2.33 times the investment issued. In addition, the value of it’s benefit was Rp.31,302,849 with a total investment of Rp.13,437,500.00. The outcome value was dominated by the outcome of the workers Social Security Agency or BPJS Ketenagakerjaan death insurance claims (67%). It shows good program performance because the payback period has been obtained in the same year when the program was carried out

West Nusa Tenggara is one of the central province of tourist destinations in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the consistency between planning and budgeting of the tourism sector in West Nusa Tenggara Province. Consistency analysis is done by analyzing the vision, mission, program, and budget. In addition, it compares planning and budgeting according to variance and percentage change between documents. The results showed that the level of consistency of the RPJPD and RPJMD as well as the RKPD in West Nusa Tenggara Province could be categorized as "excellent". In addition, this consistency is reflected in the total variance and standard deviation. Meanwhile, the analysis of the RPJMD and Renstra shows that there is a mismatch between the vision and mission and is categorized as "bad". Finally, the analysis of the consistency of budget values in the RPJMD and DPA shows that there are inconsistencies in planning and budgeting. Furthermore, the comparison between the target and the realization shows that in 2021, West Nusa Tenggara will not be able to achieve its target. These results indicate that the local government should evaluate the tourism program in the planning and budgeting process to obtain optimal results.

Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) succeeded in loan restructuring in the Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) segment. Loan restructuring has succeeded in pushing BRI to achieve the highest financial performance. This study aims to determine the success factors of BRI's loan restructuring. The research object is the Credit Restructuring and Recovery Division. This study applies a qualitative case study. Interviews and documentation were used to collect the data. The findings indicate that the critical success factor in dealing with the crisis is ability to adapt to policies change. The debtor's criteria and loan restructuring cycle are critical success factors of BRI's loan restructuring before the restructuring policy is set. The combination of three main components, namely interest rates, extending loan terms, and payment delays, are a determining factor for the success of loan restructuring. There are five components that support the success of loan restructuring, namely loan marketing, loan guarantee, personal values, information and communication, and other party cooperation.

Infrastructure is expected as one of the engines of growth. However, there are also concerns about infrastructure externalities, such as inequality, social capital, and environmental issues. This study aims to clarify these unintended consequences of infrastructure, focusing on inequality and social capital. According to the instrumental variable approach, the estimation result shows that the district with high exposure to integrated agricultural infrastructure negatively associates with inequity and positively corresponds to social capital. One of the mechanisms behind it is increased farming productivity. This result implies that the complementarity aspect between infrastructure types should be considered in the infrastructure development plan and execution.

Most developing countries in this study are middle to low-income countries that have a relatively low economic complexity. This study aims to analyze the effect of the economic complexity on economic growth in 86 developing countries in 2010-2019. The method used is the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to capture dynamic panel analysis. The estimation results using the System GMM show that economic complexity has a positive effect on economic growth in developing countries. Increasing economic complexity encourages a structural transformation through high value-added economic sectors' creation to produce more complex products for earning a higher income. Human capital does not have a significant effect on economic growth because developing countries have relatively low-quality workers both in terms of education and health. The human capital development and government spending on the health sector are necessary to accelerate sustainable economic growth.