This study evaluates decarbonisation pathways for the southern European region of Catalonia, addressing the critical gap of downscaling biophysical system-dynamics models to regional contexts. We explore variations in economic growth, energy efficiency, and renewable energy deployment. Using pymedeas2 , a system dynamics-based integrated assessment model, we assess the implications of these pathways for climate change mitigation, land use, and energy demand. Scenarios that combine post-growth strategies with strong renewable expansion and efficiency gains achieve superior outcomes across these dimensions. In the reference scenario, GDP per capita stabilises by 2040 while ambitious renewable and efficiency targets are met. The most sustainable pathway reduces cumulative CO 2 emissions by 21.0% and renewable land use by 15.4% relative to the reference, remaining within Catalonia’s fair-share carbon budget of 495 MtCO 2 . In contrast, under a high-growth scenario with delayed efficiency gains, this limit is exceeded, reaching 793 MtCO 2 in cumulative emissions and increasing land-use requirements by 1.8%. These findings show that combining post-growth strategies with energy system decarbonisation can enable Catalonia to meet climate targets while reducing spatial and ecological pressures. The analysis highlights the urgency of a paradigm shift from purely supply-side technological fixes towards demand-side sufficiency policies. The pymedeas2 framework provides a transferable approach for evaluating context-specific transition pathways under ecological constraints which could be applied to other regions. • Multi-scenario analysis reveals critical land-use and emissions trade-offs in regional decarbonisation. • Post-growth transition strategies achieve highest sustainability, reducing cumulative emissions by 21.0% and land use by 15.4%. • Growth-oriented scenarios exceed Catalonia’s proportional carbon budget of 495 MtCO 2 and increase land requirements. • The enhanced pymedeas2 model provides a transferable framework for regional energy transition analysis. • Energy efficiency improvements alone are insufficient without complementary demand-reduction measures.

Greenhouses are essential for enhancing crop yields and enabling year-round production, but their high energy intensity and climate-sensitive demand challenge sustainability. To address the lack of climate-stratified evidence, we conduct a systematic review of climate-adaptive energy approaches for greenhouse systems structured by the Köppen climate classification (KCC). We searched the Web of Science (2019–2024) using Topic “greenhouse”, limiting to articles and refining by the “Citation Topic Micro: Greenhouse” filter; 276 records were identified and 268 articles were retained after title and abstract screening. The evidence is organized into four domains: (1) microclimate modeling and decision-support tools, (2) passive design and device-assisted enhancements, (3) active operational optimization, and (4) renewable energy integration. Results reveal climate-specific patterns: cold and arid regions most consistently benefit from insulation, thermal screens, phase-change storage, and solar–thermal-assisted heating; temperate and tropical climates increasingly adopt advanced control, including model predictive control and data-driven/learning-based controllers, to coordinate multi-variable microclimate-energy trade-offs. Renewable integration is expanding across zones, yet harmonized techno-economic and life-cycle assessments remain limited. This KCC-based synthesis supports region-specific design and operation decisions and highlights priorities for future research and deployment.