A technology called solar energy is a very promising technique, and is considered as the cleanest and the most abundant renewable resource that is naturally available every day. In this paper, a MATLAB environment has been developed to calculate real-time power incidence on a PV system. It takes into account the time, location, PV tilt, and azimuth angles, and weather conditions to estimate incident power. In this paper, one case study is considered at New York State location. It has been applied to a newly installed 8 kW residential system located in Inwood. The solar panels are made up of silicon HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin Layer) cells by Panasonic and solar cell rated at 19%. The result shows that the system is performing at its rated efficiency. The calculations involve the determination of direct, diffused and reflected radiation on the panels taking into account the time of the day, location, PV area, and orientations and weather conditions. The cloudiness index may be estimated based on the weather data and included in the calculations. After performing the irradiance calculations, the output power is estimated based on the rated efficiency at its temperature and compared with the generated output power. The real-time assessment of a PV system performance, during the operational time monitors the health of the PV system. The data obtained by this calculator may accompany production data provided to the consumer by the utility company.

Microalgae biomass has been reported in the literature as one of the most promising sources for obtaining different products of industrial interest such as lipids, fatty acids, carotenoids, proteins and fibers. The lipid fraction of microalgae comprises neutral lipids, free fatty acids and polar lipids. It is of great importance to estimate the composition of the lipid fraction to define the potential for use, either as a raw material for the production of biofuels or for use for nutraceuticals and/or food purposes. The microalgae Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in a photobioreactor, the sky open raceway type, was evaluated for lipid content, identification and quantification of lipid components obtained from different extracts. In the quantification of the lipid content, extraction methods were proposed without chemical treatment (use of solvents only) such as chloroform:methanol (2:1 v/v)—Bligh & Dyer, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate:Hexane (1:1 v/v) and others with chemical treatment such as J-Schmid-Bondzynski-Ratzlaff (acid) and saponification (basic). For the identification of the main lipid components present in the extracts, the Thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique was used. This made it possible, using a simple and inexpensive method, to identify the compounds extracted by different extraction methods, that is, it was possible to verify the selectivity of the different extraction methods. In addition, it has been shown that using these methods, widely described in the literature as methods of extracting lipids in practice, extracts a wide diversity of compounds. The levels of lipids obtained via solvent extraction were up to 50% higher than those obtained with chemical treatment. In lipid extracts, obtained via solvent extraction, the presence of polar compounds, glycerides, carotenoids, pigments and sterols was identified, with up to 53% being composed of an unsaponifiable fraction, thus, presenting low selectivity for extracting fatty components. The acidic and basic treatments applied to the biomass of Scenedesmus sp. showed greater selectivity for obtaining fat components of 71.47% and 94.99%, respectively. The results showed that depending on the solvent/method used to quantify the lipids, the selectivity for obtaining the grease fraction, fundamental for conversion into biofuels, varies and the total lipid content may be overestimated.

The electricity needs of populations in Cameroon are increasing and are still very inadequate. Companies, public buildings and households are facing frequent blackout which constrain development and social well-being. Therefore, the present work tried to forecast the electricity demand in the residential sector in Cameroon, in order to contribute significantly to the mastery of electricity consumption and highlight decision-makers in this sector. Six macroeconomics parameters covering the period 1994-2014 are used for these issues. Stationarity tests within gross domestic product, gross domestic product per capita, electricity consumption, population and numbers of subscribers and households respectively; reveal that all the series are I(1). Thus, the VAR (Vector Autoregressive) model has been retained to forecast the electricity demand until 2020. The cusum test and the cusum of squared test attest the stability of that model with a margin of error of 0.02%. Previsions are then more reliable and show that the electric request will skip from 1721 GWh in 2014 to more than 2481 GWh in 2020 approximatively, following a growing yearly rate of 5.36%. In order to reach its emergence, Cameroon ought to speed up its production in the domain of hydroelectric and thermal grid in order to meet the requirements in electric power in short and long term.

The fuel staging combustion technology is a promising low NOx combustion technology for coal-fired boiler. In order to reduce NOx emissions, the burners of a 600 MWe coal-fired boiler are retrofitted in which methane gas is selected as a secondary fuel for re-combustion. The CFD models of combustion process are built to investigate effects of the methane gasratio on combustion process and NOx emissions. A total of 4 cases are numerically studied, including the pure coal combustion case, the coal combustion with 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% of methane gas re-combustion cases respectively. The results show that the re-combustion of methane can reduce the temperature at primary combustion zone, but increase the temperatures at the re-combustion area and the furnace outlet. The NOx concentration at the furnace outlet reduces with the increasing methane gas ratio. Methane re-combustion can greatly benefit to the NOx emissions reduction.

From resolution of two-dimensional equation of heat in dynamic frequency regime, we have plotted evolution curves of temperature according to depth of material or in lateral direction. They will allow us to evaluate thermal behavior of towed material. Aim of study is to use fibers as a thermal insulating material by proposing a method for determining effective thermal insulation layer in dynamic frequency regime.

For the negative impact of large-scale electric vehicles (EVs) disorderly charging on the power grid, a multi-objective optimization strategy for coordinated charging and discharging of EVs based on Stackelberg game is proposed. As the leader, the grid company aims to stabilize load fluctuations and formulate a reasonable electricity price strategy to guide EVs to participate in vehicle-to-grid (V2G); As followers, EV users optimize their charging plans based on electricity price information with the objective of reducing costs and obtaining good comfort. This paper uses the MOPSO algorithm to solve the proposed multi-objective Stackelberg problem, and calculates the optimization results under various preferences, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed model and method.

The increase of micro and nano devices has led to the miniaturization and multi-functionalization of micro-mechanical, communication, imaging, sensing, chemical analytical and biomedical devices. The devices so mentioned above need power sources that are portable, have short charging time, longevity, high energy density and are environmentally friendly. Chemical batteries hitherto used to be the major power source for these devices but have a drawback of having low energy density. The energy density of the most improved lithium-ion battery was in the region of 0.2 kWh/kg. Micro-combustor is one of the most important components of the micro thermophotovoltaic (MTPV) conversion device. This work used numerical simulation to investigate the effect of Micro pin fin arrays on combustion. Using a micro combustor with micro pin-fin arrays inserted, it was observed the fins widened the region of combustion and extended the blow-off limit in the combustor. The fins exerted great influence on combustion as flow rate increased and thus improved the temperature distribution of the wall. The combustor with fins possessed higher heat flux in comparison with combustor without fins. There was combustion stability at inlet velocity of 4 m/s making the micro pin-fin array configuration ideal for MTPV application. The results obtained will be useful in designing a MTPV.

China has developed several housing policy reforms and has, in recent years, progressed further on developing policies to promote green strategies and energy-saving plans. The urban housing has much benefited from such reforms and plans, while rural housing has experienced minimal change in the past few decades. As a result, this study aims to identify and explore these differences, challenges, and implications that exist between three areas of urban, peri-urban, and rural in a particular case study in China. For this study, selected residential areas in the City of Zhuhai and its peri-urban and rural areas are selected as case studies. A questionnaire survey is conducted to analyze energy and housing conditions across the more prosperous urban, the dynamic and transitory peri-urban, and the less prosperous rural areas. The case studies are analyzed as comparative examples in a hot and humid sub-tropical area of Southern China. The study compares energy and housing conditions and argues potential possibilities and challenges for the future development of housing policy reforms that are the result of current housing development patterns and green strategy situation in China.

This study presents an optimization technique and design for a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system to provide the required electricity for a single residential household in remote areas. From the basic solar components analysis, the irradiance on tilted surface is derived and compared to that on horizontal surface for Furu-Awa locality to infer the appropriate tilt angle (β) that maximizes the collection of solar energy. Seven optimum values of β applicable to the PV network were then derived depending of the period of the year and this simulation resulted that the panels are to be adjusted seven times a year. The optimization technique for load demand based on total apparent power of the household appliances produces an increase of 18% compared to the simple case of the PV components design using active power but leads to the optimum configuration that meets the real load demand of the household. Following the sizing of the station, reliability tests simulations were conducted for a one year corresponding period to infer the sensitivity of power supply to initial state of charge, to check the system autonomy and to evaluate the effect of random variation of the load on the smooth functioning of the PV system using a pseudo random number generator. This analysis shows that the minimum capacity of the battery for normal run of the Plan is 22.2% and that with random fluctuation of load, there will be periods of the year where the system experiences power failure depending on how important is the variation. The result of the study may imply a small increase in the cost of the entire plant but improves the stability and flexibility of such a station.

This article analyses numerically the simultaneous influence of the compression rate, fuel nature and the advanced injection of fuel on maximum cylinder pressure during the combustion phrase with the help of the Python Spyder calculation code. Indeed, several authors have shown that the combustion of biofuels which make it possible to compensate for fossil and exhaustible resources, presents a cylinder pressure higher by about 3.5% compared to that of conventional diesel D100. This increase in pressure can be reduced by the means of controlling parameters making it possible to preserve the life of the engine and also reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particular matter (PM). This article has two objectives which are: putting in place a numerical tool for the evaluation and simulation of thermal engines and the influence of control parameters on cylinder pressure. The single zone 0D combustion model which considers only the physical phenomena and considers the mixed fuel as a perfect gas is used. The fuel used is the Neem biofuel produced by Doctor Merlin Ayissi of the University of Douala and the D100 diesel fuel. The results are obtained from three fuel injection angles of 20°, 13° and 10° before the TDC (Top Dead Centre) and three values of the engine compression rates of 15, 20 and 25. The delay in combustion is characteristic of the fuel used as illustrated by the cetane number. The results show that the cylinder pressure increases with increasing compression rate and a very high advanced injection. It also shows that the pressure is high when diesel D100 is used instead of D100 biodiesel.