Tissue engineering is a well-proven technique for the creation of functional alternatives for regenerative medicine and plays a critical role in patient treatment. Several natural-origin biopolymers such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, collagen, etc. are extensively explored for various biomedical applications. Among, these polymers are exclusively investigated in tissue engineering applications due to their highly favorable properties, such as high biocompatibility, slow degradation, mechanical tenability, structural similarity with native tissues, bioactivity, etc. The present review summarizes the recent advances of biopolymers in bone tissue engineering It also covers the topic of natural polymer modification to achieve superior characteristics primarily mechanical properties towards bone regeneration and discussed the best methods for dealing with them. Therefore, the review can drive the development of biomimetic materials for futuristic applications.

• The AuNPs-based SERS probes were developed for the detection of adenosine • The platform can identify adenosine, uric acid, guanine and creatinine in urine • The assay was successfully applied for the noninvasive screening of lung cancer We developed a reliable simple analysis of adenosine, creatinine and other nucleosides (cytidine and guanosine) with single measurement based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using DSP-AuNPs with Cu 2+ ions probe and applied it to achieve noninvasive screening of lung cancer. The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were modified with 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid di (N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) (DSP), which could react with above mentioned molecules followed with the aggregation of AuNPs at the presence of Cu 2+ , thus form the plasmonic hot spots to dramatically increase their fingerprint Raman signal. The probe of DSP-AuNPs was applied for the detail analysis of urinary adenosine of healthy people and lung cancer patients. The SERS measurement indicated a higher concentration of urinary adenosine for lung cancer patients than that of healthy people, which was consistent with the results measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In combination of Raman spectroscopy with the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model, we are able to discriminate the lung cancer patients from healthy people with the urinary test. The results indicated that besides of adenosine, other metabolites including uric acid, guanine and creatinine may also be the potential tumor markers in urine for the noninvasive lung cancer diagnosis. Such a method paves a way for the noninvasive cancer screening and it can be further modified for the detection of other molecules on medical diagnosis.