Energy efficiency and reliable operation are fundamental factors shaping the modern energy sector under the paradigm of sustainable development. Heat and mass exchange equipment constitutes a critical component in the functioning of thermal and nuclear power plants (TPP and NPP), enabling efficient thermal transfer and optimizing the use of available energy resources. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the energy efficiency and operational reliability of heat and mass exchange devices used in turbine units, focusing on improving the performance and capacity of low-potential complex condensing power units. Through statistical analysis and expert evaluation methods, key reliability indicators of heat exchange equipment in turbine installations were examined. The study highlights the predominance of condensers as essential components in low-potential complexes and investigates common defects affecting their operation, including corrosion, erosion, mechanical wear, and sealing failures. The research applies finite element analysis and automated engineering design techniques to assess the stress-strain states of condenser structures, pinpointing critical zones prone to mechanical failure. Additionally, temperature distribution within the condenser under stationary operating conditions is modeled to optimize thermal performance. The findings underline the significant impact of material degradation and mechanical stresses on the durability and efficiency of heat exchange apparatuses. Consequently, the article offers targeted recommendations for the enhancement of heat and mass exchange equipment. These include the adoption of advanced corrosion-resistant and high-strength materials such as titanium alloys and composites, implementation of automated monitoring and diagnostic systems for real-time condition assessment, and refinement of condenser designs to improve thermal-hydraulic performance and minimize energy losses. The proposed measures aim to elevate the operational reliability, extend the service life, and increase the energy efficiency of power plant heat exchange systems, contributing to reduced operational costs and environmental impact. This work supports the advancement of energy technologies aligned with global trends toward sustainable and efficient power generation.

Different working conditions and design features of individual lifting machines and crane paths cause a wide variety of mechanisms for moving cranes and crane trolleys. The movement resistance of the crane or trolley is formed when the wheels roll on the rails and in the wheel bearings. During the operation of the crane, the running wheels are under the influence of various loads - the weight of the cargo, the crane's own weight, air pressure, the force of inertia and loads that occur when the cranes are skewed on the under-crane paths, when there are defects in the under-crane paths and the crane's undercarriage. The dimensions of the rails must correspond to the loads and dimensions of the running wheels and are ensured by calculating them for bending and for local compression under the wheel. During the operation of the crane, the load on the running wheels sometimes varies widely. Its durability, reliability, ease of manufacture and maintenance largely depends on the structural form of the beam. The design of the closed profile gives the maximum increase in torsional stiffness. Tilting of a moving crane is the result of such reasons as slipping or slipping of the crane's drive wheels on the rails, differences in the diameters of the drive wheels, incorrect installation of the wheels, and defects in the crane paths. Impact loads that occur during the movement of the running wheels occur in two cases: when the cranes hit the end stops and when passing the joints of the rail path and local irregularities. In order to reduce shock loads, modern cranes and cargo trolleys have buffers when they approach the end stops, which allow to extend the working stroke of the crane Impact loads that occur during the movement of the running wheels occur in two cases: when the cranes hit the end stops and when passing the joints of the rail path and local irregularities. In order to reduce shock loads, modern cranes and cargo trolleys have buffers when they approach the end stops, which allow to extend the working stroke of the crane and increase the reliability and safety of crane operation. The choice of the type of running rail is related to the amount of load on the running wheels and the design features of the movement mechanism - conical running wheels can move only on a convex rail, cylindrical wheels - on both convex and flat rails. The wear and tear of the elements of the under-crane path leads to the failure of the metal structures of the under-crane beams, which causes significant economic losses. The transition in crane structures from riveted under-crane beams, which had discrete belt connections with defined mobility to welded beams with a rigid system of belt connections without structural compensation of mobility, led to a significant decrease in the durability of welded beams. The local stress state of the wall in the welded crane girders, which determines the fatigue strength in this zone, can only be adjusted using the crane rail. But the operation of the under-crane path has not been properly investigated until now. Possible deformations of both the running wheels themselves and the rail tracks depend to a large extent on the height and nature of the rail joint, the shape of the rail and the speed of the running wheels. In the article, a more precise definition of the loads that occur in the under-rail beams was carried out, some assumptions were rejected and new calculation formulas were obtained. In addition, an analysis of the influence of the method of installing rails on the value of force factors was carried out.