Abstract This article revisits the evolutionary debunking arguments advanced by Katarzyna Lazari-Radek and Peter Singer. It evaluates their implications for the objectivity of ethics and the unity of practical reason. Building on Sidgwickian rational intuitionism, the paper contrasts the stability of utilitarian reasons with the vulnerability of egoistic justification once evolutionary and metaphysical assumptions about personal identity are examined. It further incorporates revised views on free will, moral epistemology, and peer disagreement, arguing for a more sceptical and collaborative philosophical method. The conclusion advocates prioritizing ethical epistemology and moral psychology over continued disputes between major normative theories.

Abstract This paper critically evaluates Peter Singer’s effective altruism (EA) from the perspective of economic justice. It argues that the focus on individual charitable actions may overlook the structural causes of global poverty, particularly the systemic role of interest-bearing debt. While Singer’s utilitarian framework prioritizes measurable and cost-effective interventions to alleviate suffering, this paper contends that such an approach, when overly concentrated on quantifiable outcomes, may hinder long-term justice and reform. Drawing on historical, ethical, and contemporary economic insights, the paper highlights how modern debt structures perpetuate inequality and moral harm. It proposes that effective altruism must expand its focus to include advocacy for systemic change, such as debt relief, financial regulation, and institutional reform, in order to maintain ethical adequacy and genuinely address global suffering.

Abstract Izydora Dąmbska was one of the closest collaborators of Kazimierz Twardowski, the founder of the Lvov-Warsaw School. She was also his assistant at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lvov for several years. Dąmbska focused her scholarly interests on the theory of cognition and methodology of sciences. She also dealt with ethical issues, especially the practical aspects of ethical education among school youth. To this end, she used her studies of ancient culture and philosophy. In 1930, she got a scholarship from the National Cultural Fund, thanks to which she continued her studies at the universities of Vienna and Paris. Influenced by the views of Moritz Schlick and the French philosopher André Lalande, as well as her own studies of scepticism, she developed an original system of ethics, which constituted a compilation of the theses of Twardowski’s independent ethics and her own research into philosophical scepticism. In his article, the author distinguishes two stages in the formation of Dąmbska’s concept of ethics, the first of which was influenced by Twardowski’s views, and the second, sceptical, which was associated with the search for justified reasons for resolving moral dilemmas. Dąmbska gained great recognition in the academic community in Poland, as no other reasons than scientific ones affected her views. For this reason, she was not only a true authority, but also a voice of conscience for academics in the totalitarian political system in post-war Poland.

Abstract This article is intended to be an interpretation to the question of truth in Kierkegaardian writings under the pseudonym of Johannes Climacus (mainly from Concluding Unscientific Postscript), and intended to present, in accordance with his insightful considerations of his time, the most essential points of what might be called a Kierkegaardian diatribe addressed to modernity. At the same time, his ideas are confronted with other thinkers in a dialectical way in order to contrast them and to delimit their meaning. The distinguished Dane suggests surreptitiously, but also directly, a vindication of what is human based on a search for Christian truth, decision-making, the passion to exist, intensive spirituality, and the convictions that give meaning to human existence. All this in the face of the characteristics of modernity, such as excessive rationality, reflection, scientific objectivity, abstract subjectivity and, in general, intellectual confusion with respect to the categories proper to the Christian religion

Abstract The leitmotif of the article is an analysis and interpretation of disputes about the nature of Slovak philosophy in the contexts of the formation of individual philosophical generations from the middle of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century. In the content core of the article, the dispute is about the nature of Slovak philosophy in the first generation of its representatives, which was represented by the followers of the so-called “Štúr School”. As a follow-up to this dispute, the article analyzes the ideological confrontations of followers of religious and secular philosophical thought in Slovakia during the first Czechoslovak republic. It is a dispute between followers of classical (European) positivism and, partly, Masarykism with the representatives of contemporary religious philosophy in Slovakia. At the end of the paper, the trend of disputes about the nature of Slovak philosophy is outlined even in the period after the Stalinist, and, later, the so-called normalization indoctrination of Slovak philosophy.

Abstract Business ethics represents an important aspect that influences each country’s socio-economic system, and is important to society, environment, and economy. The present article aims to define significant attributes of business ethics in the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and compares their attitudes within the three most significant business sectors in the Visegrad Group countries (V4 countries: Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Poland, and Hungary). An empirical study, focusing on the attitudes of small and medium-sized firms, was conducted in June 2022 in Visegrad Group countries through the reputable hired company MNFORCE, using the Computer Assisted Web Interviewing research method. The total number of respondents in the Visegrad Group countries was 1,398. Statistical hypotheses were tested using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and Z-score at a significance level of α = 5%. The most important conclusion of this research is that there are no significant differences in the approach of SMEs to business ethics based on the sector in which the companies operate. Some notable differences in attitudes among SMEs in Slovakia and the Czech Republic were identified, but these were marginal. Therefore, differences in the transformation process within selected economic sectors do not impact the formation of attitudes of small and medium-sized companies in business ethics. It is evident that business ethics is significantly determined primarily by the personal characteristics of the owner/manager of the company, and the specificities of individual sectors do not influence this field.

due to the 90th anniversary of his birth. He was a prominent defender

Abstract The idea of this paper is to discuss the role of virtues in promoting general wellbeing for the common people. This is meant to contribute to the debate about possible linkages between overall wealth and individual character. My main source of inspiration is Michael Novak’s perspectives on the cultural basis for capitalism.