This paper addresses ecological restoration in a Conservation Unit - CU, in the Amazon. Its objective was to generate information about the altered areas and possible ecological restoration techniques that can be used in the Antimary State Forest (ASF) to contribute to the CU management plan. In specific terms, this study aimed to: (1) identify and quantify the types of environmental change at ASF; (2) recommend ecological restoration methods and (3) quantify and analyze the costs of ecological restoration, considering the Activity Based Costing – ABC method. To this end, technical visits were made to the altered areas and experimental plots were implanted. The results generated indicate that the environmental changes in the ASF account for 5.5% of the UC area and are pastures in use or abandoned and abandoned agricultural areas. The recommended ecological restoration methods were to conduct assisted natural regeneration with or without planting enrichment seedlings and suggested ecological nucleation were of a low technological degree and easy to obtain inputs. The cost for the method of conducting assisted natural regeneration without enrichment was B$ 38,538.60/ha, of B$ 20,592.28/ha for the method of conducting assisted natural regeneration with enrichment planting and B$ 40,405.48/ha for the nucleation method with the costs of the techniques ranging from B$ 1,791.8/ha to B$ 8,224.84/ha. The isolation activity of the area was the mostly costly in all the ecological restoration methods studied.

Species associated with Curitiba prismatica (D. Legrand) Salywon & Landrum in a Faxinal system. Curitiba prismatica, belonging to the family Myrtaceae, is an endemic species of Araucaria mixed forest (AMF) areas whose leaf essential oils have pharmaceutical properties. The objective of this study was to describe the floristic aspects, diversity, competition and diametric transition of the species associated with C. prismatica in an Araucaria mixed forest area exploited in the Faxinal system. A survey of 35 sample units was carried out using the Prodan method, classifying them as initial (pioneer and early secondary) and late (old secondary and climax). Two hundred ten trees were observed, divided into 16 botanical families, 23 genera and 29 species, with the most associated species being: C. prismatica, Casearia oblique, Casearia sylvestris, Cinnamodendron dinisii (30. Ocotea odorifera, and Casearia decandra. The Shannon (H') and Simpson (C) indices of the associated species were 2.54 nats.ind-1 and 0.14 nats.ind-1, respectively. According to the competition rates denoted by the indices of basal area (BAL), Glover and Hool (IGH) and Hegyi, competition of C. prismatica occurred with greater intensity in trees with DBH ≤ 25 cm. The results provide a better understanding of the ecological behavior of species associated with C. prismatica in AMF areas subject to Faxinal systems.

In Brazil, most forest inventories by sampling use the fixed-area method, even though there are other alternatives methods developed since the 1940s. Research demonstrating the effectiveness of variable-area sampling methods is scarce, especially in forest plantations that advocate thinning throughout the production cycle. This study aimed to test different sampling methods of fixed (400 m² circular) and variable (Bitterlich and Strand) areas in a forest inventory in 9-year-old Pinus taeda L. plantations with 9 years without thinning and 14 years with thinning, comparing with the total enumeration of areas. The results obtained from the variables Number of Trees per hectare (N ha-1), Basal Area per hectare (G ha-1) and Volume per hectare (V ha-1) were submitted to a test of average comparison following a completely randomized design for each plantation and the differences observed were detected with the Scott-Knott test at 95% probability. It was evidenced that the Strand method presented greater accuracy for estimating all analyzed variables, especially in the area with thinning, however, it is necessary to increase the sampling intensity to guarantee precision in all cases. The fixed area method showed results consistent with the census for N ha-1 and presented overestimates in the area without thinning and underestimations in the area with thinning for Gha-1 and Vha-1.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido a convite da Revista Floresta e da coordenação do curso de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal da Universidade Federal do Paraná em comemoração ao cinquentenário programa. Trata-se de um artigo apresentando os principais resultados da tese intitulada “Produção e qualidade da biomassa de florestas energéticas no norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil” que foi desenvolvida na linha de pesquisa de Tecnologia e Utilização de Produtos Florestais, sob a orientação do professor Dimas Agostinho da Silva. A tese foi desenvolvida no período de fevereiro de 2013 a março de 2015 e houve a colaboração da pesquisadores e colaboradores da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O artigo teve como objetivo principal determinar o efeito da idade e dos espaçamentos de plantio na capacidade de produção de biomassa e nas propriedades energéticas de quatro espécies florestais, distribuídas em quatro espaçamentos, em três idades após o plantio.

O presente artigo foi desenvolvido a convite da Revista FLORESTA e da coordenação do curso de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal da Universidade Federal do Paraná em comemoração ao cinquentenário do programa. Este artigo visa informar os principais resultados da tese intitulada “Modelagem do crescimento e produção de árvore individual independente da distância, para Pinus taeda L., na região meio oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina”, que foi desenvolvida na área de concentração de Manejo Florestal, sob a orientação do professor Dr. Sebastião do Amaral Machado e coorientação dos professores Dr. Afonso Figueiredo Filho e Dra. Maria Margarida Branco de Brito Tavares Tomé. Durante o período total de desenvolvimento da tese, de março de 2013 até março de 2017, houve um período de seis meses, de julho a dezembro de 2015, para realização do doutorado sandwich no exterior, com bolsa auxílio do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), sendo esta tese integrada ao grupo de pesquisa Forest Ecosystem Management Under Global Change (ForChange), do Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), do Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), da Universidade de Lisboa, coordenado pela professora Dra. Margarida Tomé.

The objective of this work was to analyze the changes in the woody community over four years. We established 50 permanent plots of 10 x 10 m where all individuals with breast height circumference above 10 centimeters (CAP ≥ 10 cm) were sampled in 2014 and 2018. In the July 2014 inventory, 2128 individuals belonging to 110 species, 86 genus and 46 families were found, while in the year 2018, 1956 individuals were sampled, distributed in 107 species, 83 genera, and 39 families. In 2014, 66 dead standing individuals were sampled and in 2018, 155 dead individuals were diagnosed. In addition, it was possible to diagnose that in the 2018 survey, seven species were extinct, that is, they were not among the dead standing individuals evaluated in 2014. It is worth noting though that, in the 2018 survey, four new species were included. Thus, it was evaluated that 56 species were able to tolerate the passage of fire with a temperature of approximately 400ºC. The Shannon - Weaver (H') diversity values varied between the two surveys 2014 and 2018, with a value of (3.52) and 2018 (3.61) in 2014. The equability of Pielou (J') in 2014 was 0.79, against 0.77 in 2018, while the Sorensen Index was 0.95 homogeneity between the two surveys 2014/2018. In August 2015 and July 2017, forest fires occurred in the area, which leads to believe that this phenomenon may have been the modulating agent.

Projection techniques of the diametric structure, such as Transition Matrix and Movement Ratio, have been frequently used in Araucaria Forest, but there is no information about the potential of the Wahlenberg method. In addition, studies on the subject hardly had enough data to assess projections with observed data. Thus, the objective herein was to evaluate the Transition Matrix, Movement Ratio and Wahlenberg Methods in projecting the diametric structure in a Mixed Ombrophylous Forest in the Center-South region of Paraná, Brazil, and compare the projections with observed data. The study was carried out with data from 25 permanent plots of one hectare each, installed in the National Forest of Irati. The measurements of these plots occurred every three years, from 2002 to 2017, covering 15 years of monitoring. The database applied to the three methods used measurements from two periods: three years (2002-2005) and six years (2002-2008). With this, the projections were made for multiple periods, which enabled comparing them with the observed data. The accuracy of the generated projections was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Reynolds Index. It was observed that there was a reduction tendency in the projection of the total number of trees in the forest for the three tested methods in the analyzed periods. Among the analyzed methods, the Transition Matrix was more accurate, with an interval of three years (until 2011) and six years. However, it should be noted that the method still has limitations of use in relation to the time between projections.

The adaptation of Eucalyptus clones in the Chapada of Araripe, PE, Brazil was observed after implementing experiments with fast-growing forests. This region has a high demand for alternative energy sources due to the Gypsum Pole, basically maintaining its energy matrix from the exploitation of Caatinga vegetation. Therefore, as a way to increase the gains in volumetric productivity in planting Eucalyptus spp. clones, it is important to understand which spacing levels provide the best competition between individuals. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate if the volumetric productivity of Eucalyptus spp. clones is affected by different spacing levels in stands implanted under severe weather conditions in Chapada of Araripe, PE, Brazil. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Pernambuco Agronomic Institute (IPA) in the municipality of Araripina, PE, Brazil. Three Eucalyptus clones (C11, C39 and C41) with five spacing levels (2 m x 1 m, 2 m x 2 m, 3 m x 2 m, 3 m x 3 m and 4 m x 2 m) were arranged in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement (3 x 5). The survival rate of the experiment was higher than 94%, even under conditions of water stress. The highest volume productivity was obtained with the C39 clone in the 2 m x 1 m spatial arrangement. The spatial arrangement strongly influences productivity. Even with the severe drought condition regulating productivity, the C39 clone showed MAI values of 15.92 m3 ha-1 year-1.

In the full-tree system, one of the self-propelled forest machines used is the grapple saw, which uses mechanical force to delimbing and crosscutting stems, commonly in processing yards or on the sides of forest roads. Thus, several factors can influence the machine's effective productivity, and consequently, the production costs. Hence, the objective was to analyze the influence of the slope of the land on the productivity and production costs of the grapple saw under different operational conditions. The study was carried out in a forested area, in which there were clonal forests of Eucalyptus urograndis. The processing felled trees operation was performed with a grapple saw capable of accumulating and cutting the 0.85 m² tree bundles in two operating conditions. For the production forecast, the time study was applied, associating it to the volume of drawn wood and the effective work time, accordingly, it was possible to estimate the production cost of the grapple saw. The results allowed to conclude that the effective hourly productivity and the production cost of the log tracing are associated with the slope of the land.