The phenomenological conception of common sense inspired by James (1890) claims that attending is essentially a conscious mental phenomenon. The modal philosophical implications of this thesis regarding the nature of attention are clear. It is not possible to attend something without being conscious of that thing. On the basis of classical studies on visual pathologies such as blindsight and recent experiments with non-pathological subjects, this paper argues that the Jamesian philosophical conclusion regarding the metaphysics of attention is false. Evidence suggests that in fact it is possible to attend to objects without consciously experiencing them. Keywords: attention, consciousness, blindsight , common sense, phenomenology.

Recent work on the development of a dialogical approach to the logic of fiction stresses the notion of existence as choice. Moreover, this approach to existence has been combined with the notion of ontolog-ical dependence as deployed by A. Thomasson’s artifactual theory of fiction. In order to implement such a combination within the dialogical frame several predicates of ontological dependence have been de-fined. However, the definition of such predicates seems to lean on a model-theoretic semantics for mod-al logic after all. The main aim of the present paper is to set a dialogical frame for the study of fictions in the context of the dialogical approach of CTT recently developed by S. Rahman and N. Clerbout where a fully-interpreted language is unfolded. We will herewith develop the idea that in such a setting fiction-al entities are understood as hypothetical objects, that is, objects (functions) the existence of which is dependent upon one or more hypotheses that restrict the scope of choices available. We will finish the paper by suggesting that this provides both a natural and genuinely dialogical way to understand R. Frigg’s take on scientific models as fictions and a new perspective on Thomasson’s notion of generic ontological dependence. Keywords: fiction, dialogues, dialogical logic, hypothetical objects, scientific models

Nesse artigo, buscamos fundamentar a ideia diretriz de que nem mesmo o contexto histórico-filosófico – a crise de sentido, que coincide com a desconstrução dos fundamentos da metafísica moderna, a ascensão da pós-metafísica, os estruturalismos e a afirmação do relativismo moral em nome de um pluralismo de sentidos – levou o filósofo lituano a renunciar à busca na mesma tradição filosófica da possibilidade de superação do impasse do relativismo da filosofia contemporânea. Talvez alguns leitores mais apressados vejam na pretensão de Lévinas de fundar a ética sobre uma relação irredutível ao conceito certa adesão ao relativismo, uma recusa a enfrentar o logos que sempre caminha para a consciência unificadora. Pensamos que comparar o pensamento levinasiano aos discursos relativistas é refutar o propósito crítico de sua linguagem, sua energia destruidora e desmistificadora. O pluralismo do ser não se produz como uma constelação exposta diante de um olhar possível, pois deste modo ele já se totalizaria, se consolidaria em entidade. O pluralismo se realiza na bondade que vai de mim ao outro. Parece que a intenção de Lévinas é questionar a primazia do teórico sem cair na prisão da multiplicidade. Palavras-chave: ética, relativismo, crise de sentido, proximidade.

En el presente articulo revisaremos la obra antropologica del filosofo prusiano Immanuel Kant, en su relacion con la instrumentalizacion cientifica por parte de las politicas imperiales de la epoca, y desde el punto de vista de la perspectiva postcolonial latinoamericana (decolonial). Nuestro objetivo es profundizar en la idea que tiene Kant acerca de la ‘raza’ en sus cursos sobre antropologia y geografia fisica, lo que nos permitiria ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre los alcances y dimension que tuvo este tipo de racismo filosofico en la vision europea del ‘salvaje’ (en America, Asia y Africa), y las implicaciones hermeneuticas que tuvo el concepto de ‘raza’ en la filosofia de la historia.Palabras clave: raza, racismo, Kant, eurocentrismo, decolonialidad.

This article analyzes some of the reasons that led to the adoption of vernacular languages as philosophical languages between the 14th and 17th centuries in France and Italy. The article focuses on Descartes’s Discours de la methode (1637), Sperone Speroni’s Dialogo delle lingue (1542) and Dante Alighieri’s Convivio (circa 1304-1307). The three works not only chose to write philosophy in a language with no philosophical tradition, but also offered a philosophical rationale for this decision. The article exposes and analyzes that set of arguments. Key words: philosphy, vernacular language, Descartes, Sperone Speroni, Dante Alighieri.

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of the community in the legislative work in Marsilius of Padua’s Defensor pacis . Firstly, I will make a small biographical outline of Marsilius of Padua. Secondly, I will mention the importance of the community in the legislative work, but I will also define the concept of communitas. I suggest that in Marsilius’s political system the princes are restrained by the legislative force of the citizen body. Finally, I will explain the condition in which the citizen’s liberty is protected. In my contention, for Marsilius liberty is the capacity of the body of citizens to participate in the public affairs of the city. In this way, I attempt to demonstrate the existence of an implicit republican preference in the Defensor pacis. Key words: secular power, liberty, civitas, universitas civium, communitas.

El termino “positivismo” ha sido utilizado a partir de la primera mitad del siglo XIX y ha adquirido desde entonces una enorme pluralidad de significados. Asimismo, las connotaciones asociadas con esa nocion abarcan un espectro que se despliega desde las mas favorables a las mas violentamente negativas. En el presente articulo se presentan varios sentidos del concepto de positivismo y se analizan las circunstancias que los hicieron surgir, asi como se alude a las razones que influyeron en tan contrastante variedad de juicios. Estas consideraciones sugieren que la enorme mayoria de las referencias reprobatorias que se hacen al positivismo en las publicaciones corrientes responden, entre otras posibles razones, a la confusion semantica y la erronea atribucion de ideas a los autores a los que se identifica con el positivismo. Palabras claves: positivismo, ciencias sociales, empirismo, materialismo, Marxismo.

The present text aims to make an examination of the varieties of moral naturalism, and for this it will examine some anti-naturalist and anti-realist arguments. It will also argue that existent theories can be considered on two dimensions, the metaphysical and epistemological dimension, and the dimension of motivation and normativity. In the first dimension, there is non-reductive naturalism and reductive naturalism of the non-analytic variety. Turning to the second dimension, the dimension of normativity and moral motivation, we find internalist naturalism, simple externalist naturalism and externalist naturalism with the standard-based account of normativity. At the end, the text will say something in favor of moral realism and to a kind of naturalism in specific. Key words: moral naturalism, normativity, moral realism, moral non-realism.

Quine is frequently acknowledged as one of the main proponents of both confirmation holism and underdetermination. In the recent literature, however, his views have been often criticized and misrepresented: the distinction between the two theses has been often blurred, the obviousness of holism has been rejected, and the plausibility of underdetermination has come under attack. This paper attempts to formulate both theses as clearly as possible and to defend Quine’s views against some recurrent criticisms. In particular, it is argued that Quine’s theses are significantly weaker than they have been taken to be and that only confirmation holism, but not underdetermination, plays a fundamental role in his philosophy. Key words: confirmation holism, underdetermination, Quine.