Abstract Text chat facilitates L2 use by providing learners with extended time to plan, monitor, and process production during interactional tasks. However, learners may not naturally take advantage of these affordances, especially for providing peer feedback. This study used video‐enhanced chat scripts to examine the behavior of beginner L2 Spanish learners (n = 46) completing decision‐consensus tasks via text chat, investigating how learners interacted with the medium to self‐monitor by deleting text before sending. Learners were also differentially assigned to receive metacognitive instruction (MI) to learn ways to provide corrective feedback to peers or engage in language‐related episodes (LREs). Results showed that all learners frequently used text chat's affordances to self‐correct and also integrated technology to resolve LREs (creating technology‐assisted LREs). However, MI did not have a significant impact on the production of corrective feedback or LREs, potentially due to attentional resources expended during self‐correction. These findings suggest that completing task‐based activities within text chat may be beneficial for promoting beginner learners' linguistic processing and integrating technology to facilitate discussion of L2 form but less impactful for promoting peer feedback.

Abstract The Seal of Biliteracy (SoBL) is a high school graduation credential that recognizes US students in their final year of high school who have demonstrated proficiency in English and at least one other language. SoBL implementation has been shown in many contexts to be governed by local policy arbiters, who interpret the state policy to provide access to the SoBL to students. Additionally, scholars have suggested that the discourse surrounding the SoBL has been permeated with neoliberal logic that prioritizes individual success and economic advantage. This study investigates how these themes play out in the implementation of the SoBL in 16 schools across Iowa, diverse in size, location, and student linguistic profiles. Findings indicate that the implementation of the SoBL was influenced by the local context and local policy arbiters, and how the SoBL, in turn, influenced the arbiters' perspectives and practices related to language learners and language instruction.

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Abstract Across the United States, students have the opportunity to earn a Seal of Biliteracy (SoBL) when they graduate from high school. Awarded to students who demonstrate proficiency in two or more languages, the SoBL originated to confront English‐only ideologies and promote multilingualism. But critics question the impact of the policy on students and whether English‐dominant students experience greater impacts than their linguistically‐minoritized peers. To that end, this study posed the question, What do recipients report postgraduation as benefits of earning a SoBL? In this qualitative investigation, 33 SoBL earners were interviewed postgraduation to analyze the benefits that they experienced from SoBL attainment. Four themes characterized the findings: increased employability in sales and education, pride and acknowledgment for linguistically‐minoritized students, greater confidence and interest in postsecondary education, and difficulty receiving college credit. The article concludes with implications for strengthening the impact of the policy.

Abstract This study investigated how questioning strategies impact language learner performance. Specifically, it explored how questioning strategies influence (i) verb production and subject–verb agreement in the target language, and (ii) learner confidence in completing tasks without translation software. Sixty‐eight novice language learners enrolled in a high school Spanish I course participated. The students were divided into two groups. After a pretest, one group completed an activity with divergent (open‐ended) questions, while the other group did the same activity with contingent (either/or) questions. Participants then completed a posttest and rated their temptation to use translation software. Writing on the pre‐ and posttests was evaluated for verb production, verb conjugation, and subject–verb agreement. Results show that as compared with divergent questions, contingent questions (i) help students produce significantly more conjugated verbs and more accurate subject/verb agreement, and (ii) significantly reduce the temptation to rely on translation software.

The Challenge How can world language education respond to calls for racial equity to transform language learning? This systematic historical analysis of literature examines the construct of race in world language education over the publication history of a set of primary journals in the field. Reckoning with the field's past reveals existing racialized systemic inequities and potential for world language educators and scholars to disrupt inequity to transform language learning.

Abstract Reading‐while‐listening (RWL) has been suggested to facilitate reading comprehension by establishing letter‐to‐sound correspondences in the word recognition process. However, previous findings are inconsistent regarding the effect of RWL on foreign language (L2) reading comprehension. To understand why such inconsistency occurs, the moderating role of L2 orthographic characteristics in the effects of RWL on L2 propositional comprehension was examined. The orthographic characteristics of a language are of particular relevance as languages differ in the time course and the degree to which visual and phonological coding strategies are involved in word recognition. L1 Korean (alphabetic, shallow orthography) intermediate undergraduate learners of Chinese (nonalphabetic), English (alphabetic, deep orthography), and Spanish (alphabetic, shallow orthography) read and read‐while‐listened to authentic reading texts in their target language, and solved a set of written, untimed multiple‐choice questions to test their propositional comprehension. Results indicated that learners of an L2 with a larger distance (i.e., Chinese) from the L1 benefitted more from RWL, indicating that L2 orthographic characteristics interacted with input modality. Pedagogical implications for the use of RWL are discussed coupled with qualitative findings of students' perceptions.

Abstract To determine the effects of explicit instruction (EI) and potential moderators in second/foreign language (L2) teaching, this study meta‐analyzed 28 primary reports (a total of 67 unique samples, N = 3754). The main results show that EI was significantly effective in facilitating L2 development, with effect sizes ranging from moderate to large magnitudes (d = 1.07 and 0.81 for within‐and between‐group contrasts, respectively). Moderator analyses show that EI type, practice type, delivery mode, length and intensity of treatment, the type of outcome measures, as well as the reporting practices of the validity and reliability of outcome measures moderated differentially the effects of EI. The findings offer important pedagogical implications for teacher‐practitioners to enhance the efficacy and efficiency of EI.