The article presents the data of experiments on determination of development stability (using leaf blades as an example) in trees obtained by self-pollination and open pollination of families from maternal trees of downy birch B-11 and B-14 (of seed origin). A one-way ANOVA analysis of variance was performed for the leaf blade length trait for two species – downy birch and silver birch, differing in reproduction systems, allogamous and autogamous forms. As a result, it was shown that the leaf blade length in highly self-fertile forms of downy birch significantly differs with different methods of pollination of maternal trees – self-pollination and open pollination. The maternal trees of these species were selected in the Voronezh State Nature Biosphere Reserve named after V.M. Peskov (VGPBZ), where test cultures F1 were created by hybridization and self-pollination (sq. 298). The data on the violation of bilateral development of birch leaf blades, which is typical for ecologically unfavorable habitats of trees, were obtained, although the experimental plants are in ecologically clean conditions of the VGPBZ. In the first case, for all downy birch trees (regardless of the pollination method), control scores were obtained that exceeded the standard indicator given in the regulatory documents for assessing the state of the environment, the excesses amounted to 2.4 (B-14 sp) to 5.6 (B-11 op) times. Phenotypic instability of vegetative organs in the polyploid birch species compared to the diploid one was confirmed, which can affect the productivity of birch plantations. Keywords: developmental stability, leaf blade, silver birch, downy birch, allogamy, autogamy, phenotype, ANOVA analysis

The article substantiates the concept of circular agroforestry as a practical tool for designing sustainable agroecosystems based on the principles of closed cycles of matter and energy. The aim of the study was a comprehensive assessment of the potential for implementing this model in the agroecosystems of the Krasnodar Region and the development of a scientifically based scheme for transforming traditional agricultural systems. The research methodology included a systematic analysis of scientific sources, regulatory frameworks and statistical data, as well as a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of various land use systems. Based on a detailed analysis of the natural, climatic, environmental and socio-economic conditions of the region, a differentiated system of circular agroforestry solutions for the key natural zones of the Krasnodar Region was developed. The results of the study demonstrate that circular agroforestry, unlike traditional methods, provides a synergistic effect due to its multifunctionality, increased resilience to climatic stresses and self-regulating capacity. A step-by-step transition scheme has been proposed, including an analysis of current conditions, planning, practical implementation of pilot projects and subsequent scaling. For each zone (Black Sea coast, foothills, lowland areas, Priazovye and urbanized territories), specific solutions have been developed aimed at soil regeneration, waste minimization, rational water use and the integration of renewable energy sources. It is concluded that the introduction of circular agroforestry is a strategically important direction for the transformation of the agro-industrial complex of the Krasnodar Region towards resource efficiency, environmental stability and socio-economic sustainability. The successful implementation of this model requires the development of an adequate regulatory framework, economic incentives and the consolidation of efforts by the state, businesses and local communities.

The conducted research is aimed at solving the urgent scientific and practical problem of the operation of log-ging equipment on waterlogged soils, which are typical for more than 60% of the territory of the forest fund of the Rus-sian Federation. A complex mathematical model has been developed for the formation of tangential stresses in a soil mass during propulsion maneuvering, taking into account key parameters: the angle of rotation, the weight of the ma-chine, and the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. In the course of the study, new criteria for the effectiveness of shifting the inter-track mass of soil were estab-lished, based on the analytical ratio of the shear force pulses and the mass of the shifted soil. The numerical analysis demonstrates that targeted maneuvering with rotation angles of 15-20° or more makes it possible to ensure effective destruction of the inter-track space even at critical ground humidity up to 35%. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the cyclic effect of machinery on the ground during multiple passes. Practical recommendations have been developed to optimize the operating modes of forest machinery operators, in-cluding the choice of maneuvering angles and driving trajectories depending on soil moisture and the number of passes. The results obtained have significant practical value for the logging industry, making it possible to reduce envi-ronmental damage from soil cover damage by 20-25% and increase the operational efficiency of machinery by 15-20% by reducing downtime and increasing maintenance periods.

The duration of the growing season (from bud swelling to the end of leaf fall) was analyzed in 39 varieties of Malus domestica trees grown in a creeping form on the territory of the V. M. Krutovsky orchard. The Botanical Garden is a structural subdivision of the Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology in Krasnoyarsk. The research revealed that the earliest start of vegetation for the period from 2004 to 2020 occurred in 2014. In other years, the swelling phase of the kidneys is recorded in the last decade of April or the first decade of May. The beginning of the growing season later than May 10 was noted in 2006, 2010 and 2018. The end of leaf falls in most cases ended before October 17 during the period from 2004 to 2020, in some years (2004, 2007 and 2017) - before October 23-24. Au-tumn frosts prevented the completion of the growing season in 2006 and 2016, during which the leaves froze on the trees, which was noted in most varieties. The Aurora variety (selection by Vs. M. Krutovsky) has a short growing season under these conditions; A growing season of more than 160 days was observed in nine varieties.

The article analyzes the current state of state climate policy in the forestry sector of the Russian Federation, key approaches to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and carbon accumulation in forest ecosystems, legislatively ap-proved regulations on forest climate projects, and the mechanism for their implementation. According to rough esti-mates by scientists, forests in Russia annually absorb about 600 million tons of CO2, that is, about a third of all green-house gas emissions in the country. In Russia, the total area of the forest fund is about 1.2 billion hectares, 78% of the forested lands of the forest fund belong to managed forests, where one of the most important factors of external influ-ence on the carbon cycle, in addition to interference in forest ecosystems in order to obtain forest resources, is the im-plementation of a complex of forestry measures. A number of studies have shown that carbon reserves and the rate of its deposition in forest ecosystems depend on the condition, species composition, age and commodity structure of for-ests. A reasonable choice of strategy for forest management, forest management, and forestry activities can have a significant impact on this aspect. Despite the fact that the forestry industry in our country has previously paid attention to measures to preserve the ecological potential of forests, adapt to climate change and increase forest sustainability, the system for assessing the effectiveness of their achievement required improvement. Until 2024, forest-climate initia-tives were not regulated by sectoral legislation, although the issue has been overdue for a long time and gained special importance after the signing of the Paris Agreement in 2016, in order to implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The amendments to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation that have entered into force regarding forest climate projects are aimed at increasing the possibilities of absorbing greenhouse gases from forest ecosystems and bringing Russia closer to carbon neutrality by 2060.

Agriculture occupies a significant part of the Earth's land area and is one of the main sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. In the context of increasing climate aridity and desertification of Russian regions, as well as decreasing forest area, the search for balanced solutions for sustainable land use is an urgent issue. Aim. The aim of the research is to analyse the economic aspects of the agroforestry implementation in Russia, assessing its potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the sustainability of the agrosphere. Methods. The work uses methods of comparative analysis of existing forest reclamation systems and agrofor-estry practices, assessment of land fund for the implementation of climate projects, and analysis of factors limiting the use of protective forest plantations for carbon sequestration. Results. It was found that the Russian systems of protective forest plantations in their current form do not pro-vide the necessary effect for the development of climate-oriented projects. The main advantages of agroforestry: syn-ergetic effect of combining forest and agricultural crops, additional economic income, high manageability have been identified. The potential of agroforestry in the formation of land fund for climate projects and its investment attrac-tiveness has been determined. Practical application. The results can be used by agricultural and nature management authorities to develop measures to integrate agroforestry and increase farm resilience, as well as by investors and climate project developers to select effective solutions for carbon sequestration and ecosystem services development.

Reforestation works, including those with containerized tree seedling, are characterized by high labor and en-ergy consumption. Currently, planting containerized tree seedling is carried out manually or with the use of forest plant-ing machines aggregated with tractors, where the operator feeds the seedlings into the planting machine. When using automatic units on manipulators of harvesters or excavators, seedlings are also extracted manually, indicating the de-pendence on human factor and weaknesses of the technology. The relevance of the research is to develop an auto-mated seedling feeding system. The object of study of this research paper is the process of extracting containerized tree seedling from the cells of cassettes. The subject of the study is the force arising during the extraction of containerized tree seedling from the cells. The aim of the work is to determine the force arising during the extraction of a container-ized tree seedling from the cells of cassettes under given conditions, necessary for the development of an automated system for feeding seedlings into the planting machine. In the process of work, the influence of the parameters of the containerized tree seedling on the amount of force required to extract the seedling from the cell was investigated. The study was conducted on the basis of the universal testing machine UTS-110MN-30-0U, where the measurement of force during the process of seedling extraction from the cell of each experiment was carried out and recorded in real time. Results of the study: the calculation of the effort required to extract the seedling from the cell using Mathcad applied mathematical program was performed; the dependence of the amount of effort required to extract the seedling from the cell on the parameters of the root system was obtained; the maximum and minimum value of the effort re-quired to extract the seedling from the cell was determined experimentally. The obtained results will be further used to optimize the selection of actuating elements of the developed automated system of seedling feeding into the planting unit.

Exergy was introduced as a determinant of the state, structure and function of an ecosystem. This value can be represented in two hypostases: the first is the energy stored in the ecosystem, the second is its degradation and entropy formation. Currently, the concept of exergy in ecology is used to redefine the Darwinian principle of "survival of the fittest" into "ecological thermodynamics", according to which the most adapted ecosystem is able to use and conserve flows of energy and materials in the most efficient way. There is a need to adequately calculate the exergy of ecosystems, as information on this characteristic allows not only to manage ecosystems in the short term, but also to predict the capacity of ecosystems to withstand current threats to their integrity and adapt systems to these challenges. The importance of practical calculation of exergy in connection with the above is beyond doubt. Along with the known practice of calculating the exergy of living organisms using gene structure, it is necessary to have alternative ways of calculating exergy. This paper proposes an alternative method for calculating the exergy of forest ecosystems, which contains both elements of the traditional approach to exergy calculation and new provisions related to the use of ecological and physiological models of stand growth dynamics

This article discusses the development of a grapho-analytical method for modeling technological processes of discrete-continuous production lines of timber warehouses. The proposed approach is based on matrix transformations of coordinates and allows us to analytically describe the structure of technological operations with visualization in the form of graphs of displacement versus time. The authors have identified two key modeling methods: summation of displacement vectors and summation of particular time values, of which the first is more effective for longitudinal feeding of wood raw materials. The work focuses on the current problems of production line design, historically estab-lished methods, as well as the advantages of the grapho-analytical approach over traditional methods. The purpose of the research is to develop a structured method for modeling technological processes to improve the design and optimi-zation of production lines of timber warehouses. The research methods include theoretical modeling, analytical descrip-tion of processes based on matrix transformations and graphical representation of the results. Results: A new modeling method is proposed that makes it possible to simplify the process of designing warehouse infrastructure and increase its accuracy. The technique demonstrates its effectiveness in modeling the operation of longitudinal feed lines for wood raw materials. Scope of application: The developed approach is focused on use in the forestry industry, but it can be adapted to other industries with similar technological challenges. Conclusion: The presented modeling method makes it possible to optimize the design of production lines, reducing the time and financial costs of experimental development. The work has scientific and practical significance for the development of the concept of integrated use of forest re-sources. The work was carried out within the framework of the scientific school "Innovative developments in the field of logging industry and forestry".

The role of multi-walled carbon nanotubes as a urea-formaldehyde binder modifier for the production of nanocomposite plywood has been investigated. Carbon nanotubes were introduced into the binder in an amount of 0.5 wt.%, 1.25 wt.% and 2 wt.%. The maximum effect is set at a content of 1.25 wt.% of the modifier in the resin: the tensile strength under static bending for modified plywood relative to unmodified increases by 58.1% (from 34.57 to 54.64), p<0.05, the tensile strength when chipping along the adhesive layer – by 80.3% (from 0.66 to 1.19), p<0.05. The environmental friendliness of nanomodified composite plywood was assessed by changes in the content of toxic formaldehyde in it: a decrease in the mass fraction of free formaldehyde in modified plywood was 59.9% (from 19.86 to 7.95), p<0.05, relative to unmodified. Thermogravimetrically, a higher thermal stability of the modified plywood sample was established, the destruction of which occurs at a higher temperature – 238 ˚C compared to the unmodified - 200 ˚C. The technology for producing nanocomposite plywood for activating the binder and plywood includes the processing of the binder – in an ultrasonic and plywood in a magnetic pulsed field. Thus, the role of multi-walled carbon nanotubes for obtaining higher-quality nanocomposite plywood has been established.