Background and Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a group of permanent disorders of posture and movement caused by non-progressive disturbances to the developing fetal or infant brain. The dominant clinical sign is the impairment of gross motor functions. Additionally, more than half of these children experience limitations in their hand function. Gross motor function and manual ability limitation are differently disturbed in the physiological and topographical classification of CP. This study aimed to determine the functional status of children with CP and its relationship with the physiological and topographical classification of CP. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 and involved children with CP aged between 4 and 18 years. The participants were conveniently recruited from various clinics, rehabilitation centers, and exceptional schools in Tehran and Arak cities, Iran. Results: A total of 305 CP children (174 males and 131 females) aged 4–18 years were evaluated in this study. The results indicated a significant relationship between the physiologic classification of CP and the level obtained from the manual abilities classification system (MACS) scale (P<0.01). According to the results, a significant correlation was observed between the levels of the gross motor function classification system and MACS in children (P<0.01). Children with spastic diplegia were predominantly distributed in levels I and II of the MACS. In contrast, children with spastic quadriplegia were mostly distributed in levels III, IV, and V of the MACS. Due to using the unaffected hand, hemiplegic children were mostly distributed in levels I and II of MACS. Conclusion: These results highlight the significance of understanding the relationship between the physiological classification of CP and its associated functional abilities. The significant correlations observed in this study suggest that targeted interventions can be developed to enhance motor function and the overall quality of life for children with CP, particularly focusing on the specific needs associated with their classification levels.

Background and Objectives: Occupational identity (OI) is a crucial factor in occupational therapy evaluations and interventions which is not investigated in chronic conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The Occupatinal Identity Questionnaire (OIQ) is an appropriate tool for assessing occupational identity. As a result, this research aims to adapt the Persian version of OIQ for people with MS and evaluate its face and content validity. Methods: The face validity of OIQ was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated with 15 participants diagnosed with MS. Interviews were used to qualitatively assess the face validity. In addition, the item impact method (IIM) was applied to quantitatively assess face validity. A total of 12 experts with experience in the field of neurology participated in evaluating content validity. The content validity ratio (CVR) and the content validity index (CVI) were applied in this evaluation. Results: All the items received IIM scores above 1.5 (3.03 to 4.62). Also, none of the items were mentioned as incomprehensible during interviews. The CVR scores for each item ranged from 0.63 to 1 (based on Lawshe >0.59). After that stage, a CVI study was conducted. In that study, scores for each item ranged from 0.83 to 1. S-CVI/Ave score was 0.94 and scale CVI/universal agreement (S-CVI/UA) was 0.57. Based on experts’ comments, it was determined that adjustments were necessary for item number 6 and 10. Conclusion: The Persian version of the OIQ demonstrates acceptable face and content validity in the context of MS. It is recommended to conduct a test re-test, internal consistency, construct validity, and factor analysis.

Background and Objectives: According to previous studies, balance problems are one of the most critical disorders in diabetic patients with neuropathy. Because diabetic neuropathy may cause sense disorder and decreased balance in these patients. Thus, it seems that using texture insole may help to improve proprioception and lead to a positive effect on balance in this case. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of texture insole on static and dynamic balance in diabetic patients with neuropathy. Methods: This is a single-group pre-test-post-test design with the participation of 16 patients with neuropathy who were referred by endocrine specialist physicians in terms of inclusion criteria to Firoozgar Hospital. Data were collected using a force plate to evaluate the static balance and the time up and go (TUG) test for dynamic balance. Results: Six men (37.5%) and ten women (62.5%) participated in this study. The results of this study showed that the means of parameters of static and dynamic balance among participants decreased significantly (P<0.05) Conclusion: This study showed that the static and dynamic balance has improved after using the texture foot plate by these patients.

Background and Objectives: This study aims to determine the relationship between pain, muscle strength, function, and quality of life (QoL) in overhead players with chronic shoulder internal impingement syndrome. Methods: Forty-seven overhead players consisting of 15 men, 32 and women (mean age 32.45±7.2) with chronic shoulder internal impingement were enrolled. The pain was measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS). Disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) and shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) questionnaires were used to measure pain and function, and a short form (SF)-36 questionnaire to measure QoL. Muscle strengths were evaluated in both hands with a hand-held dynamometer and players were asked to hold the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in the middle range for 3 s and rest for 30 s between each test and each contraction was repeated three times on both affected and healthy side and the average of contractions was considered for each side. Results: The study showed a significant relationship between pain, the strength of shoulder muscle groups (-0.354), function (-0.935), and QoL (-0.861) in overhead throwers with chronic shoulder internal impingement syndrome and the strength of internal rotators of the affected shoulder decreased more than others. (P<0.05) Conclusions: This correlational study showed a significant relationship between pain and strength of shoulder muscles and function and QoL in overhead throwers with this syndrome.

Background and Objectives: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and estimating the relationship between anxiety and occupational stress with the self-efficacy of therapists in rehabilitation centers in Tehran in 2022. Methods: This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of execution. The statistical population including 122 therapists of rehabilitation centers was done by multi-stage classification method. The research tools included standard questionnaires: Beck's anxiety questionnaire (1991), Osipow's job stress questionnaire (1987) and Riggs and Knight's job self-efficacy questionnaire (1994).Their analysis was done by SPSS software, version 26 at two descriptive and analytical levels. The results showed that there is a significant inverse effect between anxiety and selfefficacy, as well as occupational stress and self-efficacy of therapists (P<0.001). There is also a significant relationship between job stress, anxiety, self-efficacy and demographic characteristics. The results of this study showed that anxiety increases the level of occupational stress and has a negative effect on therapists' self-efficacy.

Background and Objectives: One of the major problems of today’s industrial life is the injuries and abnormalities caused by improper use of equipment in the neck muscles and spine. One of these injuries is forward head posture (FHP). The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the presence of FHP and its severity on the students’ hearing thresholds. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 55 volunteer students participated. All subjects completed a questionnaire containing general questions and specialized questions in the field of hearing risk factors. Side-view pictures were taken of each person. After selecting three photos, the size of the craniovertebral angle was determined using the MB Ruler software. The mean of the three sizes obtained was used in statistical analysis. Audiometry and tympanometry were performed. Results: Out of 31 women and 24 men, 24 women (77.41%) and 21 men (87.5%) had FHP. In women, the number of severe FHP was twice that of men. No statistically significant difference was observed between men and women suffering from FHP alone and according to its classification. In this study, no statistically significant difference was observed between FHP and its classification with hearing thresholds. Conclusion: In this study, most students had FHP (81.8%). Considering that the volunteers are students and are faced with the factors affecting the occurrence of FHP, the existence of a large number of students with this condition is not surprising, and it can be concluded that this condition does not affect the young students’ hearing.