This article focuses on the Indonesian transmigration program, which has resettled about 900,000 families from the overpopulated islands of Java, Madura, and Bali to the less heavily populated outer islands. The goals and implementation of the program are reviewed, and the extensive criticisms that have been leveled against it are assessed.

The author explores the question of how far spatial disparities of economic structures can be related to spatial disparities in educational attainment. Empirical evidence is given from the spread of literacy in nineteenth-century Europe and twentieth-century developing countries and from disparities between urban and rural areas in the educational level of the labor force.

A general, global review of the relationships among population, natural resources, the environment, and the development process is presented. Consideration is given to differences among the major regions and to their probable carrying capacity with regard to present and projected population.