<p>Even though there has been a great development of using building information models in the AEC (Architecture/Engineering/Construction) sector recently, creation of models of existing buildings is still not very usual. The cultural heritage documentation is still, in most cases, kept in the form of 2D drawings while these drawings mostly contain only geometry without semantics, attributes or definitions of relationships and hierarchies between particular building elements. All these additional information would, however, be very providential for the tasks of cultural heritage preservation, i.e. for the facility management of heritage buildings or for reconstruction planning and it would be suitable to manage all geometric and non-geometric information in a single 3D information model. This paper is based on the existing literature and focuses on the historic building information modelling to provide information about the current state of the art. First, a summary of available software tools is introduced while not only the BIM tools but also the related GIS software is considered. This is followed by a review of existing efforts worldwide and an evaluation of the facts found.</p>

<p>The weather conditions and the operation load are causing changes in the spatial position and in the shape of engineering constructions, which affects their static and dynamic function and reliability. Because these facts, geodetic measurements are integral parts of engineering structures diagnosis.</p><p>The advantage of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) over conventional surveying methods is the efficiency of spatial data acquisition. TLS allows contactless determining the spatial coordinates of points lying on the surface on the measured object. The scan rate of current scanners (up to 1 million of points/s) allows significant reduction of time, necessary for the measurement; respectively increase the quantity of obtained information about the measured object. To increase the accuracy of results, chosen parts of the monitored construction can be approximated by single geometric entities using regression. In this case the position of measured point is calculated from tens or hundreds of scanned points.</p><p>This paper presents the possibility of deformation monitoring of engineering structures using the technology of TLS. For automated data processing was developed an application based on Matlab®, Displacement_TLS. The operation mode, the basic parts of this application and the calculation of displacements are described.</p>

<p>Surveying is an important part of any archaeological research. In this paper we focus on the archaeological research in north Sudan (6<sup>th</sup> Nile cataract) and the surveying methods applicable under the local conditions. Surveying in the Third World countries is affected by the political situation (limited import of surveying tools), local conditions (lack of fixed points, GNSS correction signal), inaccessible basemaps and fixed point network. This article describes the methods and results obtained during the three archaeological seasons (2011-2014). The classical surveying methods were combined with KAP (Kite Aerial Photography) to obtain the desired results in form of archaeological maps, detailed orthophoto images and other analyses results.</p>

Regarding the terrestrial laser scanning accuracy, one of the main problems is the noise in measured distance which is necessary for the spatial coordinates´ determination. In this paper the technique of using the wavelet transformation for the reduction of the noise in the laser scanning data is described. This method of filtration is made in “post processing” and due to this fact any changes in the measuring procedure in the field shouldn´t be done. The creation of the regular matrix is needed to apply image processing. This matrix then makes the range image. In the paper real and simulated efficiency tests of wavelet transformation, the final summary and advantages or disadvantages of this method are introduced.

The paper deals with geodetic measurements of mutual longitudinal displacements ofconstruction of the railway bridge and rails on the bridge in Klášterec nad Oh í.Construction of the bridge is made of steel with a concrete deck, which carries the stonesuperstructure and rails. The bridge is about 100 meters long and expected deformationsare in millimetres. The method of geodetic network with the expected standard deviationsof coordinates about 0.2 mm was chosen. The deformation of the structure was determinedto be 4 mm, the deformation of the rails was determined to be 1 mm, both as a result ofepoch comparison.

Nowadays, there are two main approaches to cultural heritage documentation: a precise documentation by several techniques such as professional close range photogrammetry, classical geodetical measurement and 3D scanning, or a simple documentation using non expensive devices and instruments, often based on free software. In many projects it is not possible to use precise and expensive instruments for time, transportational, financial and authoritative permission reasons. At the Laboratory of Photogrammetry at the CTU Prague, we are focused on both types of documentation and the necessary visualisation of outputs; the long-term and very important aim of our research in this field is to develop small, inexpensive devices and test appropriate technology for the 3D documentation of cultural heritage objects. There is our prototype of an optical correlation system, which uses a motorised calibrated digital camera on a linear base. The second part shows several open source photogrammetric systems compared with Photomodeler PMSC and Agisoft Photoscan software. On a case project, based on our own data from German-Czech expeditions in Peru, the simple photogrammetric documentation of a small archaeological object joined with reverse engineering has been demonstrated.

The paper illustrates the development of digital aerial survey and digital elevation models covering the entire area of the Czech Republic at the beginning of 21st century. It also presents some results of systematic investigation of their quality parameters reached by the author in cooperation with Department of Geomatics at the Faculty of Applied Sciences of the University of Western Bohemia in Pilsen and the Land Survey Office.

Paper is focused on GNSS meteorology which is generally used for the determination of water vapour distribution in the atmosphere from GNSS measurements. Water vapour in the atmosphere is an important parameter which influences the state and development of the weather. At first, the paper presents basics of the GNSS meteorology and tomography of the atmosphere and subsequently introduces a new GNSS tomography method which doesn't require an extensive network of GNSS receivers, but uses only a few receivers situated in a line. After a theoretical concept describing this method and used mathematical background, the results from a real experiment are shown and discussed. Unfortunately the results indicate that presented method is not able to provide credible outputs. Possibly the main problem lies in an insufficient number of available signals from current global navigation satellite systems (GPS and GLONASS) where the improvement could be expected after the start of Galileo and Compass. Potential ways how to improve the results without increasing the number of satellites are outlined in the last section.

Spatial data are increasingly being used for a range of applications beyond their, traditional uses. Collection of such data and their update constitute a substantial part of the total costs for their maintenance. In order to ensure sustainable development in the area of geographic information systems, efficient data custody and coordination mechanisms for data sharing must be put in place. This paper shows the importance of reference data as a basis for national spatial data infrastructure that serves as a platform for decision making processes in society. There are several European initiatives supporting the wider use of spatial data. An example is the INSPIRE Directive. Its principles and the main world trends in data integration pave the way to successful SDI driven by stakeholders and coordinated by national mapping agencies.

The main task of this paper is to describe methods and algorithms used in computer vision for fully automatic reconstruction of exterior orientation in ordered and unordered sets of images captured by digital calibrated cameras without prior informations about camera positions or scene structure. Attention will be paid to the SIFT interest operator for finding key points clearly describing the image areas with respect to scale and rotation, so that these areas could be compared to the regions in other images. There will also be discussed methods of matching key points, calculation of the relative orientation and strategy of linking sub-models to estimate the parameters entering complex bundle adjustment. The paper also compares the results achieved with above system with the results obtained by standard photogrammetric methods in processing of project documentation for reconstruction of the Žinkovy castle.