By utilizing electrospinning technology followed by subsequent controlled carbonization processes, hierarchical porous three-dimensional carbon nanofiber mats (HPCNFMs) were successfully fabricated. Within the ternary blend, polyacrylonitrile served as the carbon source, while polyvinylpyrrolidone and polymethyl methacrylate were acted as pore-forming agents. Precise control over the pore size of the carbon fibers synthesized from the ternary blend system was achieved by leveraging differences in solubility. Among these, HPCNFM-3 displayed the most outstanding performance, combining robust mechanical strength and good hydrophobicity (water contact angle ≈ 141.4°) with a hierarchical pore structure. It achieved a high oil flux of 7723.80 L m−2 h−1, exceptional oil–water separation efficiency (>99.9%), and remarkable oil adsorption capacity (able to absorb 69–131 times its own weight). In addition, this material demonstrated superior flexibility. These superior performance attributes establish HPCNFM-3 as a highly promising material for advanced oil–water separation applications under diverse environmental conditions.

The following is a list of reviewers who have reviewed papers for Green Materials between 1 January 2025 and 31 December 2025. Emerald Publishing is very grateful for their assistance.We are continually looking for suitable reviewers for papers submitted to Green Materials. Papers published in ICE Science journals must be submitted to at least two independent reviewers to judge accuracy, style, impact, importance and interest.If you are interested in reviewing articles on any topic related to green materials, please submit your name, qualifications or CV, and areas of expertise. We are in need of individuals who will agree to review papers in a timely fashion (within 3–4 weeks of receipt) and provide confidential feedback to the Editorial Advisory Panel concerning the quality of the paper and any suggested revisions that would be appropriate.If you are such a person, please contact Rebecca Rivers (e-mail: rrivers@emerald.com) for more information on the reviewer process.Masoud AhmadiLe Anh TiGopal AroraAli AttaRezvan BabagoliSakthi BalanPrabakaran BalasubramanianHugo BarsotVincent BesseKiran BillaCostas BogiatzidisAmirouche BouamerBenoit BriouSylvain CaillolEmrah CakmakciWaqas CheemaLogan ChevretSakthivadivel DSara Dalle VaccheAnirban DandapatKhalid ElwakeelVanessa Esquivel-BertranT G GangadharAdélaïde GartiliJane GilbertAbayeneh GirmaRajeshwar GoodaryStéphane GrelierGaurav GuptaCao HaSadig HasanovSateesh HosamaneGazi Farhan Ishraque TokiS JayanthiPreeyanuch JunkongSuman JyotiThomas KolibabaKazim KoseOumkeltoum KribaaJiji KrishnanPrakash KumarKelvii KwokFakri-Eddin-Nadir LahfaidhAnna LesiakChanghe LiChang LiuBimlesh LochabSandra Loera-SernaJagdish LoharNagamadhu MRoyal MadanBinoy MaitiFnu Manish KumarMena Maria EugeniaSuja MathaiManish MauryaSudipta MondalMahesh NaikYongsheng NiuPuji Rahmawati NurcahyaniKarin OdeliusSathish PalaniappanS M PandeyBayram PoyrazAkula PrakashN. B. PrakashB. Mouli PrasanthSubramanya RaghvendraSarah RajabiZahra Ramezani-NezhadAhsan Z RizviAngel Romo-UribeSunirmal SahaAlexis SalazarChinmay SatamZiyauddin SeikhNimish ShahMahaboob Subhani ShaikNandkishor ShirsathBharat ShrimantJasvinder SinghMan Vir SinghVirendra Pratap SinghPiyapol SiriwatCarmel SobiaSandeep SomvanshiBhausaheb TawadeMuhammad TayyabAashani TillekaratneSebastian TognanaManoj TripathiZaka UllahR. S. VidyarthiSatish VittaQuoc Bao Vo-VanPrakash WadgaonkarRenate Maria Ramos WellenShaopeng WuYuan WuMurat YaziciJinbo ZengChongbin ZhaoTouba Zolfaghari

In response to the environmental issues arising from the increasing volume of urban construction waste, this study utilized waste putty powder as a calcium source to synthesize hydroxyapatite (HAP) via hydrothermal synthesis. The synthesized HAP was characterized using multiple analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and BET, to determine the optimal synthesis conditions. The results show that: (1) the diffraction peaks of the synthesized HAP match those of the standard XRD reference card; FTIR analysis confirms the synthesized HAP has characteristic absorption peaks of OH− and PO43−; and EDS scanning shows that the synthesized HAP contains Ca, P, and O elements, confirming the successful synthesis of HAP. (2) The optimal synthesis process conditions for synthesized HAP are pH = 9.5, oscillation temperature 60°C, oscillation time of 3 h, and calcination time of 3 h. (3) The Ca/P molar ratio is 1.62, at which the HAP synthesis rate reaches a maximum of 75.3%. With an aging time of 18 days, the microstructure of HAP achieves its best morphology. This study successfully achieved the efficient synthesis of HAP from waste putty powder, offering a promising strategy for the resourceful utilization and reduction of calcium-source construction waste.

This study reports the development of a novel epoxy flexible sheet reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) and leather fiber (LF) to enhance mechanical strength and thermal stability while maintaining flexibility. The formulation eliminates solvents, incorporates polyphenol additives, and utilizes collagen-rich LF from waste leather, ensuring both eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Physicochemical analyses confirmed hydrogen-bond-mediated interactions and uniform matrix integration. The composite exhibited a 45% increase in compressive strength (32.8 MPa against 22.5 MPa), improved elongation at break (7.6% against 4.8%), and a tougher stress–strain response than the control. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed enhanced thermal resistance with residual char yields exceeding 18% against 12% in the control. These results validate the potential of the LF–GO hybrid reinforcement for next-generation flexible composites with promising applications in wearables, structural coatings, and flexible electronics.

The excessive emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the causes of global warming. Countries around the world are actively exploring the most cost-effective carbon dioxide capture and utilization technologies. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current status of carbon dioxide emissions in process industry (taking the four major process industries in China as an example), and to explore the latest research on the integration of carbonation technology with solid waste in different production fields. In the process industry, carbon dioxide emission reduction strategies mainly include changing the energy supply structure and using new low-carbon production technologies. In the field of carbonation technology, this paper reviews research on preparing nano-CaCO3- and active silica gel-reinforced cementitious material systems via carbon dioxide mineralization, and on investigating the mechanical properties of directly reinforced materials using CaCO3 shell and skeleton. In addition, the reaction characteristics of all kinds of carbon dioxide mineralized products and the influence of reaction process conditions on the mineralization process were discussed in detail. Through the carbon dioxide mineralization reaction, the solid waste in the process industry can be secondary treated to improve its utilization value. The development prospect of carbon dioxide mineralization technology driving all solid waste building materials was prospected.

In vitro degradation studies facilitate the low-cost and efficient screening of biocompatible materials for practical implementation. Nevertheless, a well-designed in vitro degradation experiment is crucial for providing valuable guidance for subsequent endeavors. This article presents a thorough examination of the in vitro degradation of biodegradable dressings provided by Bayer. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanisms of in vitro degradation of biodegradable silica gel fibers (SGFs) and to characterize the composition of degradation products. Subsequently, the primary degradation products of SGF were identified as 23 ± 10% ethanol and silicate compounds. In addition, we employed inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to quantify the metal content in the SGF degradation solution. The in vitro degradation experiments also allowed us to identify key substances potentially responsible for cytotoxicity and assess their effects on cell viability. To validate the accuracy of the in vitro degradation results, in vivo degradation studies were performed on SGF materials, and the results from animal models were consistent with those observed during the in vitro degradation tests. This article emphasizes the instructive significance of the in vitro degradation process for understanding and predicting in vivo degradation behavior.

As environmental worries over synthetic material consumption have grown, attention has switched to sustainable materials and a circular economy model that incorporates recycling channels. The various latest recycling technologies for composite materials and plastic polymers are compiled in this review article. Due to the environmental implications of their end-of-life management, the review primarily focuses on fibre-reinforced polymer composites, with a particular emphasis on epoxy-based systems and carbon/glass fibres as reinforcement. Analyses include thermal procedures (fluidized bed, pyrolysis), chemical processes (various solvolysis types), combination processes (microwave, steam, and ultrasonic aided methods), and exceptional recycling efforts (electrochemical, biological, and with ionic liquids). In comparison to chemical recycling, thermal recycling uses a lot less energy and allows recovered materials to match raw material qualities. In contrast to alternative recycling methods, mechanical recycling uses a relatively little amount of energy to recycle composites. It was concluded that the composite materials consumption in different industries would only be justified when recycling and reusing of composites should be given equal consideration. In addition, the recycling of polymer composites will boost the circular economy.

The construction industry consumes more natural resources than any other sector, necessitating sustainability practices. Utilizing waste materials in concrete addresses disposal challenges while enhancing sustainability. Many waste materials possess pozzolanic properties, improving concrete performance. This review aims to examine sustainable concrete incorporating waste materials such as fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), slag (S), waste perlite powder (WPP), groundnut husk ash (GHA), and nanosilica (NS). The methodology involves a comprehensive analysis of life cycle assessment studies, country-specific waste production, and concrete performance focusing on environmental and economic impacts. Results show that FA, SF, S, WPP, and NS enhance concrete’s compressive strength, with SF yielding a 41% increase at a 12% substitution rate. In addition, substituting FA can reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emission by 68% and combining 5% SF and 15% FA lowers CO2 emission by 16% compared with reference concrete. Furthermore, combining WPP and RCA results in a 17% cost reduction compared with reference concrete, while GHA substitution decreases cost by up to 30%. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing waste materials to improve mechanical performance, reduce environmental impact, and lower construction costs. The review suggests future research directions to further improve performance.

The mineralization mechanism of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation is vital for its advancement and practical applications. Therefore, this article aims to delve into the influence mechanism of diverse microbial components on the formation of biological calcium carbonate (bio-calcium carbonate) by selecting Bacillus mucilaginosus as the subject of investigation. Initially, the microbial spores and cells are characterized. It is found that after 30 h of cultivation, the bacterial concentration reaches a stable stage, accompanied by a surge in living cells. Moreover, by stripping metabolites from stable bacterial suspension and testing, the Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance results indicate that the metabolic components are mainly proteins. Then, the mineralization is carried out in a simulated solution and the X-ray diffraction results show that the bio-calcium carbonate induced by metabolic components and the cells has significant differences in crystal structure. It is also observed through scanning electron microscopy that the bio-calcium carbonate particles are tightly connected by flocculent material. The fluorescence staining results indicate the presence of organic matter on the bio-calcium carbonate surface, thereby indicating the active involvement of microbial cells and their metabolic processes in the formation of these products.

In recent years synthesis of novel bio-based aromatic polymer derived from lignin has been gaining the most attention because of its various applications and sustainability approach. Specifically, much interest has been given in creating bio-based polymers using monomers produced from lignin. Lignin is a naturally occurring phenol with a diversity of chemical derivatives that can be broken down into small phenolic compounds. Syringaldehyde is a natural organic derived monomer that belongs to the class of phenolic aldehydes, for example, vanillin, syringaldehyde, ferulic acid, or guaiacol. This review focused on lignin-derived syringaldehyde (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde), which is an aromatic aldehyde derived from lignin. There is an increasing demand on sustainability development from various materials that can be recycled, biodegraded, or composted at the end of their useful lives as it is a sustainable polymer. These materials are made using mixtures of waste, recycled, and renewable carbon resources.