बुद्धको समयकालदेखि नै परित्राण सूत्रको पाठ गर्ने प्रचलन शुरू भएको मानिन्छ । थेरवाद परम्परामा महापरित्राण सूत्रको पाठ थेरवाद बौद्ध सम्प्रदायमा आवद्ध भिक्षु भिक्षुणी, श्रामणेर, श्रामणेरी लगायत उपासक उपासिका सबैले महापरित्राणको पाठ गर्ने प्रचलन हालसम्म यथावत रूपमा विद्यमान छ । विभिन्न समय, परिस्थिति र आवश्यकताअनुसार बुद्धले विभिन्न बिषयमा विभिन्न प्रकारको देशनाहरू गरेका थिए । उनले सबै देशनामा मानव लगायत सबै प्राणीलाई भय, रोग, विघ्नवाधा, अनिष्ट, शोक आदिबाट बचाउनको लागि र सबैको कल्याणको निमित्त दिएको हो । बुद्धका देशनाबाट छनौट गरिएका प्रमुख सूत्रहरूको संग्रह ‘महापरित्राण सूत्र’ हो । पाठबाट मानिसमा चित्तको शुद्धता आई यसले मानव जीवनमा सकारात्मक मनोवैज्ञानिक प्रभाव पारी यसबाट कुशल कर्ममा सहयोग पुग्ने विश्वास रहेको छ । बुद्धवचनको रूपमा धेरै महत्व रहेको महापरित्राण सूत्रपाठको जानकारी कम मानिसहरूमात्र जानकारी रहेको पाइयो । यस लेखमा मूल पालि ग्रन्थ, र जनसमाजमा प्रचलनमा रहेको परम्परालाई जोड दिएर गुणात्मक विधि अपनाइएको छ । साथै सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक पक्षको व्याख्या गर्न वर्णनात्मक र व्याख्यात्मक अनुसन्धान विधि अपनाइएको छ । यस लेख लेख्नलाई बुद्धवचन संग्रहित पालि ग्रन्थहरूलाई प्राथमिक श्रोत र अन्य विद्वानवर्गहरूबाट रचना गरिएका लेखहरूलाई द्वितिय श्रोतको रूपमा प्रयोग गरिएको छ । मानव जीवनमा आउने विभिन्न समस्याअनुसार समाधान हुने सूत्रहरू परित्राण पाठमा समावेश भएको पाइएको छ । बुद्धको उपदेशसहित समावेश भएको महापरित्राण सूत्रपाठलाई श्रद्धापूर्वक पाठ र श्रवणका साथै व्यवहारमा अभ्यास गरेमा निर्वाणसम्मको मार्ग तय गर्न सक्दछ भन्ने विश्वास रहेको छ ।

This study describes local government officials' understanding of planning provisions, particularly annual planning, in Nepal to identify gaps and improve effectiveness. Based on document reviews, interviews, and focus group discussions with officials from five local governments each in Lumbini and Madhesh Provinces and two in Koshi, it reveals significant knowledge gaps, particularly among grassroots officials. The study highlights the need for enhanced training and capacity-building to address these deficiencies, improve decision-making, and support sustainable development. Recommendations include strengthening training programs for both officials and community leaders who can exert pressure on local officials to implement provisions improving information dissemination, and reinforcing accountability mechanisms.

This paper examines the intricate connection between politics and journalism, highlighting the difficulties and effects of political influence on journalistic practices. The study shows, through a review of the, statement of problem, study of object and literature, that political beliefs have a major influence on media narratives, which frequently results in skewed reporting. The study is dependence of self-censorship, especially in authoritarian regimes. The crucial role that journalism plays in influencing public opinion and its consequences for democratic processes are also covered in this essay. It also draws attention to the difficulties that journalists encounter in politically delicate situations, such as censorship, physical threats, and legal constraints. The results highlight the necessity for journalistic independence and integrity to support democratic processes, as well as the dual role that media plays as a safeguard for democracy and a possible conduit for political influence. The study highlights the role that independent journalism plays in defending democratic norms in Nepal and notes the challenges that journalists confront in upholding impartiality and moral standards in the face of political polarization.

Radio Nepal, as the pioneering radio broadcaster of the country, has played a crucial role in serving its listeners for over seven decades. In the earlier years, it was the sole medium of information, education, and entertainment, particularly for rural communities, before the advent of television and FM radios. As a national broadcaster, Radio Nepal has assumed significant national duties and responsibilities that set it apart from other media outlets. In response to the evolving socio-political landscape, Radio Nepal has bolstered its multilingual or inclusive broadcasting by incorporating more native languages into its programming. Currently, it broadcasts news and programs in 21 different languages, in addition to Nepali, aiming to address the linguistic diversity of the nation. This research aims to fill this knowledge gap and assess the impact of Radio Nepal's inclusive broadcasting from the listener's perspective. To measure the effectiveness, the research conducted a survey based on Radio Nepal's initiative to evaluate its inclusive broadcasting. The findings reveal that Radio Nepal's inclusive broadcasting has been highly effective. Listeners from diverse linguistic communities have shown a growing interest in news and programs broadcast in their native languages. Moreover, broadcasting has successfully transcended linguistic boundaries, reaching beyond specific communities, thereby contributing to the conservation and respect of different languages by the state and society.

Nepal-China relationship is the oldest in the diplomatic history of Nepal. It is hard to find the beginning point. However, the evidence proves that Manjushree arrived from China to Kathmandu, then cut open a rocky hill called Chobhar to let the water from the enormous lake out whose mud when caked offered itself a fit place to live and cultivate. It is also important to note that the Tea and Horse Road back to the period of the Tang dynasty 618-907 and the Tibetan (Tubo) regime is the next evidence of Sino-Nepal relations, the oldest one. The Lichchhavi period, the Malla period, and the Gorkha Shah King dynasty are full of Sino-Nepal histories. The pilgrim trips from China and Tibet to Nepal and Nepalese trade with Tibet are the major sources of bilateral histories. The Military relationship is also very old, and it starts formally from the time of Kaji Bhim Malla’s military expedition in Tibet. Also, many wars took place between the two countries. However, we have got the best relation up to today and the military relation has been strengthening according to our diplomatic relations. I also would like to mention that the Sino-Nepal relationship has been running more formal rather than people-to-people communication due to our language and geographical barrier in comparison to our southern neighbor. There are many rooms to be researched from Ancient Tea and Horse Road onward present Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

मानव सभ्यता तथा संस्कृतिको विकास समयानुकूल आवश्यकता परिपूर्ति गर्न गरिएको लामो सङ्घर्षको परिणति थियो । यो तत्कालिन समय सापेक्षित आवश्यकता तथा अनिवार्यताको पूर्णताका लागि रचयित मानवीय कृयाकलापहरूको समसामयिक उपलब्धिहरूको ऐतिहासिक फेहरिस्त पनि हो किनकी प्रत्येक कालखण्डमा अपरिहार्य ठानिएका विषय प्रसङ्गमा शोध, खोज र अन्वेषणमा क्रियाशील भएकै कारण नवीन आविष्कारहरू जन्मिए । तिनीहरूले काल क्रमिक प्रगति र त्रिकालदर्शी सचेतना जगायो । फलस्वरूप युगान्तकारी परिवर्तनहरू भए जसले मानव जातिलाई निरन्तर खोजमूलक कार्यमा सक्रियता निर्वाह गर्न उत्प्रेरित गरिरह्यो । परिणामतः परम्परित अन्वेषणात्मक प्रकृयामा व्यवस्थितपन, विधि प्रविधियुक्तता र वैज्ञानिक पद्धतिमा रूपान्तरण भई अनेकानेक सैद्धान्तिक अवधारणाहरू प्रतिपादित हुन पुगे । लगातारको “स्मरणशक्ति”को अभूतपूर्ण उपयोगद्वारा अनुसन्धानात्मक गतिविधिले विद्यमान परिवेश प्राप्त गर्न सक्षम भएको हो । 
 वास्तवमा समग्र मानव इतिहास शोध, खोज र अन्वेषणबाट प्राप्त दूरगामी परिणाम तथा उपलब्धिहरूको ऐतिहासिक दस्तावेज हो । यो समाज कल्याणको अमोघ साधन र ज्ञान उत्पादन, वृद्धि एवं विस्तारको शक्तिशाली कुञ्जी पनि हो । त्यसैगरी अनुसन्धानात्मक कृयाकलाप बौद्धिक एवं प्राज्ञिक उन्नयनको अविच्छिन्न अभ्यास र साधना पनि हो । यसले परम्परित ज्ञानलाई पुन: परिभाषित गर्दछ । त्यसमा परिवर्तन, सुधार, परिमार्जन र पुष्टिकरण समेत गर्दछ । लगातारिताका साथ ज्ञानको खोजी उत्पादन, ज्ञान वृद्धि विस्तार तथा ज्ञानको भण्डारण गर्न पनि प्राज्ञिक साधना उद्देश्यमूलक गन्तव्य तर्फको यात्रामा अपरिहार्य सावित भएको छ । मानिस विवेकशील सामाजिक प्राणी भएको कारण दैनन्दिन नवीनतातर्फ गतिशील हुनु मौलिक विशिष्टता हो । यसले प्राज्ञिक लेखन अर्थात् बौद्धिक सिर्जनशीलता अभिवृद्धि गर्दछ । त्यसलाई पनि नियमबद्ध, प्रविधिसम्बद्ध, शोधविधियुक्त र वैज्ञानिक पद्धतिअनुरूप सङ्गतिपूर्ण तुल्याउँदै अगाडि बढाउन प्रयत्न भइरहेको हुन्छ । यस्ता प्राज्ञिक कार्यहरू चाहे लघुअनुसन्धान होस् या शोधपत्र, शोधप्रबन्ध होस् या प्राज्ञिक आलेख तथा प्रतिवेदन तयार गर्ने कुनै पनि बौद्धिक कार्य नै किन नहोस्, त्यसलाई व्यवस्थित तथा वैज्ञानिक पद्धतिअनुरूपका अनिवार्य घटकहरूको सुसङ्गतिपूर्ण सुगठन, गहन, गुणस्तरीय र प्रभावकारी अन्वेषणात्मक कार्यको मूलभूत उद्देश्य नै हुन्छ ।

The Buddha lived and taught 2.500 years before the field of psychology was established, but the teaching he left behind introduce wide-ranging and profound analysis of human behaviour that overlap. Buddhist Festivals are always joyful occasions. The most significant celebration takes place every May on the night of the full moon, when Buddhists all over the world celebrate the birth, enlightenment and death of the Buddha over 2,500 years ago. It has come to be known as Buddha Day. Buddhism, in its natural form, is not a religion; rather it is a tradition that focuses on personal spiritual development. The Buddha intended his philosophy to be a practical one, aimed at the happiness of all creatures. While he outlined his metaphysics, he did not expect anyone to accept this on faith but rather to verify the insights for themselves; his emphasis was always on seeing clearly and understanding. To achieve this, however, requires a disciplined life and a clear commitment to liberation; the Buddha laid out a clear path to the goal and also observations on how to live life wisely. The core of this teaching is contained in the Noble Eightfold Path, which covers the three essential areas of Buddhist practice: ethical conduct, mental discipline and wisdom. The goals are to cultivate both wisdom and compassion; then these qualities together will enable one ultimately to attain enlightenment.

One can find chains of people's struggle for freedom nationality, national, unity, integrity and democracy for centuries past when studies and researches carried out into the History of Nepal. People's participation in such struggles can't be exaggerated as the people themselves are the creators of the history. Because of apathy, insincere activities, inability, unclearity in vision and objective of political leadership, economic development and task of building new Nepal always remained limited only in speech and futile ambition.

Mass media was gifted on the Nepali soil early as one and half century ago. We have no longer history on mass media and journalism as other countries compared to the four and half century long history of world journalism, the history of Nepalese mass media and journalism is undoubtedly a recent phenomenon. The art and science of using information to one's advantage is one of the keys to influence and power in any society. As a matter of fact man alone has the capacity to generate information through new symbols, and to share the meaning of these symbols with fellow men. One may even look with advantage at human history through the information/ communication prism.
 It is the history of an ever-increasing capability to create new generated information and shares it with others to their mutual advantage to ward off danger, to inform about the new opportunities, etc. In brief, information/ communication are the key to organized human life.