The Fall: Last Days of the English Republic. By HenryReece. Yale University Press, 2024. xi + 452 pp. £35.
Henry Reece's book covers the period from the death of Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector of the British Isles, in September 1658 until just before the restoration of the Stuart monarchies in May 1660.It offers a combination of analytical claims about the potential stability of the successive regimes (whether Protectoral, Parliamentary or military) at this time and a narrative covering the conflicts between army officers, civilian politicians and the godly that led to the downfall of these short-lived forms of government.Eventually, a return to royal rule in the interests of stability became necessary.The case is accordingly made by Reece that the challenges confronting Oliver Cromwell's successors could have been managed.His son, Richard, inherited his office peacefully with the apparent acquiescence of the population.Had he and his civilian advisers been more sensitive to the concerns of the army, his rule might have survived beyond April 1659.But the return of the Rump Parliament to power tempted embittered Republican politicians ousted in 1653 to try to bring the army under firm civilian control.Purging its officers and failing to offer full indemnity to the soldiery for past actions led to the Rump's second expulsion in October 1659 and the creation of a militarily-led Committee of Safety.That Committee was itself overthrown by the seizure of Portsmouth by ousted Rumpers and a naval revolt.The Rump returned to power.By then, late in 1659, George Monck, the commander of the forces in Scotland, had decided to intervene by leading his men south to London.Step by step, even if unclearly at times, the revived Rump was dissolved, a free Convention Parliament was called and overtures to Charles II on the continent for his return were made.The 'good old cause' had collapsed under the weight of its own divisions.This account is particularly illuminating on the personal failings of the leading individuals involved in these processes.Richard Cromwell might have been capable of ruling over nations with established regimes and a stable political culture, but he lacked his father's decisiveness, was prone to inertia and was ill-advised at critical times.Lieutenant-General Charles Fleetwood, Oliver's son-in-law, was temperamentally ill-equipped to deal with conflicts and often ignorant on the details of what was going on.John Lambert's military and political skills had atrophied but, like John Disborowe (another military man), was at serious odds with civilian politicians like Sir Arthur Hesilrige and his Republican allies.Hesilrige and his supporters reciprocated their animosity but had disastrous failings as political strategists.Monck, on the other hand, was a more enigmatic figure, a religious conservative, loyal to his army comrades and prepared, in the last resort, to prefer order to chaos and monarchy to a broken republic.He was ultimately the key figure in facilitating the Restoration.The book is undoubtedly enjoyable to read.Anyone who can cite the boxer Mike Tyson in support of his arguments clearly has wit.Nonetheless, some reservations may be held.It was not clear then, nor is it now, precisely what the balance of political and religious opinions was in England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland.The preoccupation of post-1649 regimes with detecting and suppressing Royalist plots suggests an enduring concern that they lacked widespread consent to their rule.Oliver Cromwell himself had not succeeded in reconciling his rule with forms of constitutional government, and it is difficult to see why those who came after him should have been able to do so.Traditional royal rule before 1640 and after 1660 had the acquiescence, sometimes the deferential acceptance, of the bulk of the populations of these islands.Republican government, by way of contrast, enjoyed less widespread acceptance.A
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