Abstract A recent trend in historiography on the Dutch Revolt is to examine the role of transnational networks and how the positions and practices that exiles developed outside the Low Countries contributed to the Revolt and helped to shape the confessional landscape of the emerging Dutch Republic. A recent study by Silke Muylaert (2020) on migrant churches in England engages with this trend. One church that Muylaert analyses is the Flemish church in Norwich. This article builds on work on Norwich by Muylaert and other authors such as Raingard Esser to analyse the transnational networks to which members of the Norwich community belonged and the positions and practices that they developed, which contributed to events before and at the start of the Dutch Revolt, and specifically to shaping the nascent Dutch Reformed Church.It does so in four ways. First, it analyses the prosopographies of exiles who returned to the Low Countries to participate in sectarian activities in the prelude to the Dutch Revolt. Second, it analyses the role of preachers in disputes that arose amongst the exiles about whether to support armed resistance against the Spanish in the Low Countries. Third, it examines the impact of publications printed in Norwich by exiles in the years immediately before the start of the Dutch Revolt. One important work first printed in Norwich was Den Ziekentroost (Comfort for the Sick), which became a key text for pastoral care in the Dutch Reformed Church. Fourth, the article analyses how exiles in Norwich helped to build up the Dutch Reformed Church and shape the confessional landscape in the Dutch Republic. Amongst the activities they engaged in were preaching, printing, bookselling, and translation.

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Abstract The main aim of this article is to reconstruct the evolutions and the political implications of the Italian historical novel between the nineteenth and twenty‐first centuries. The starting hypothesis is that the historical novel has always performed a vicarious function with respect to traditional historiography. In the Italian case, in particular, the canon of the historical novel has progressively lost the apologetic function it had during the Risorgimento, turning into an instrument of indirect criticism of Italian society after 1861. At the turn of the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries, the historical novel had a new editorial fortune, thanks to authors such as Umberto Eco, Valerio Evangelisti, Luther Blissett, Giancarlo De Cataldo, Giuseppe Genna, Tiziano Scarpa and Wu Ming, becoming a very fertile field of historical analysis on the transition from the First to the Second Republic. Finally, thanks to Antonio Scurati, the author of M. Il figlio del secolo, M. L'uomo della provvidenza, and M. Gli ultimi giorni dell'Europa, the historical‐documentary‐novel has become a perfect tool for a critical analysis of collective memory in Italy. The thesis of this article is that Scurati manages to rediscuss the ways and forms of the historical memory of fascism because he uses an innovative form of counterfactual narration: the implicit uchrony.

Abstract This article analyses some examples of historical narratives that, long before the emergence of so‐called postmodern history, had a specific narrative character: the reconstructions of ‘missed revolutions’ taking into account a possible alternative history and tracing back the reasons for a social, political, and economic crisis to an interrupted process, one that, had it been completed, would have triggered some sort of progress. Even if this kind of historical representation cannot properly be classified as a form of alternate history, it can be placed between traditional historical accounts of the past and a more innovative pattern, which entails a more speculative argumentation, and therefore has been used to justify or suggest specific political claims. One of the most obvious examples of this literature are the narrations of the ‘unaccomplished Risorgimento’, which was a highly debated theme in the political, intellectual, and historical discussion from the period of the Italian unification until the economic and political reconstruction following the Second World War. This article will stress four possible functions of the ‘missed revolution’ narratives: first, as a way to discover some currents that have been underestimated by the official historiography or mainstream political discourse; second, to observe the role assigned to particular events in altering the destiny of a nation; third, to show how political and intellectual actors use history to justify political actions or events; and finally, to reveal how, conversely, by reconstructing ‘missed revolutions’ individual historians and, more generally, public intellectuals can take up a specific political stance while writing history.