The article investigates the Great Victory as a complex, multidimensional sociocultural and philosophical event, revealing its meaning through the confluence of linguistic, historical-legal, semiotic, ontological, epistemological, axiological, anthropological, and existential perspectives. It is suggested that the Great Victory is more than just a military-political outcome; it also serves as a type of affirmation of existence, collective identity, and the value foundations of society. The linguistic dimension is emphasised, with the Great Victory viewed as a discursive fabrication created by language, symbols, and communicative practices that play an important part in information warfare. The study examines its semiotic nature as a system of symbols and signals that ensures the Great Victory's enduring presence in public awareness and history. Ontological and epistemological analyses allow us to read the Great Victory as an assertion of life over non-being, as well as the result of purposeful collective action rooted in a value-based interpretation of reality.In the axiological dimension, the Great Victory is depicted as the embodiment of basic values—such as justice, freedom, humanism, patriotism, and solidarity—that shape human motivation and behaviour during battle.Anthropological and existential views examine the Great Victory from the perspective of the warrior's individuality, freedom, responsibility, and self-sacrifice. Finally, it is emphasised that it is precisely in extreme "boundary" situations of battle that the essential character of the human person becomes actualised, and that the Great Victory serves as a type of existential self-affirmation for both the individual and the people as a whole.

This study analyzes, in the context of international relations and security dynamics, the asymmetric threats posed by short-range unmanned aerial vehicles in 21st-century military operations and the use of directed-energy-based weapons-especially laser technologies-as one of the effective countermeasures. The article shows that the operational and financial resilience of traditional kinetic air defense systems is weakened in the face of mass "saturation" attacks and the economic paradox of "cheap targetsexpensive responses." Drawing on Robert Jervis's offense-defense balance approach and Martin Shaw's concept of risk transfer, the study examines how laser weapons affect the global balance of power, how they reshape the security dilemma, and what gaps and ambiguities arise in international legal regulation. Based on a comparison of empirical cases such as the Russia-Ukraine war and the Red Sea crisis, the study concludes that a more realistic approach for future defense strategies is a hybrid, multi-layered defense architecture in which laser and missile systems, together with other means, complement one another. However, the operational effectiveness of lasers may be conditioned by factors such as atmospheric conditions, direct line-of-sight to the target, and constraints related to power supply and logistics. The findings indicate that the accelerated spread of laser technologies is shaping interstate arms competition not only in terms of numerical growth, but also in terms of quality, integration, and operational adaptability.

The period of Humanism is a stage in the intellectual history of Europe during which language was understood not only as a means of communication, but also as a fundamental instrument shaping thought. In this era, the boundaries of cognition were redefined, and the philosophical analysis of the language–meaning relationship became a central focus. In this context, although Lorenzo Valla is usually known only for his work “The Donation of Constantine”, evaluating his philosophical views solely on the basis of this text does not sufficiently reflect the essence of the humanist language conception. The work in question, in addition to proving the falsity of a political document, also serves as a typical example of humanist linguistic thinking. The article analyzes Lorenzo Valla’s humanist language conception in comparison with the ideas of representatives of other humanist and philosophical traditions — Juan Luis Vives, Pietro Bembo, and William Ockham. In the research, Valla’s approach to the relationship between meaning and expression is examined through an analytical method, and his philological style is evaluated in terms of its influence on the formation of humanist thought. Furthermore, the study draws attention to the incorrectness of reducing Valla’s philosophical–linguistic views in academic literature to only one work, and investigates the process of development of the language conception in the period of Humanism through the historical-philosophical method. As a result, it is determined that Lorenzo Valla made a significant contribution to the development of both the philological and philosophical traditions in the history of humanist thought, and was one of the main humanists who reconceptualized the function of language in the cognitive process.

This research aims to investigate the importance of artificial intelligence and its direct and general impact on contemporary information warfare in a journalistic approach. Meanwhile, this study also addresses the era of the emergence of information warfare and artificial intelligence, as well as their spheres of influence. The dissemination of information warfare through artificial intelligence and its consequences have also been extensively studied. Journalism has always played the most crucial role in information warfare throughout all periods, in this parallel, this circumstance will be examined in journalism and its comprehensive contribution to it. Information warfare is a sustainable form of struggling and defense, moreover AI has an undeniable potential to change it significantly. Eventually, critical details, interviews, different opinions from several researches and experts will be presented to witness the impact of contemporary dynamics.

This article scientifically analyzes the evolution of Azerbaijan’s energy policy over the past 30 years and its role both in the national economy and in the system of international relations. Since the signing of the “Contract of the Century” in 1994, the energy sector has become the cornerstone of Azerbaijan’s sovereign development model. The visionary strategy of President Heydar Aliyev and the “green energy” policy of President Ilham Aliyev, which responds to the challenges of the modern era, constitute the analytical framework of the article. The analysis demonstrates that Azerbaijan’s energy strategy ensures not only economic stability but also serves as a key guarantor of regional energy security. The 30-year history of the Caspian Oil and Gas exhibitions and the global impact of Baku Energy Week leading up to COP29 highlight that Azerbaijan’s energy diplomacy is grounded in the principles of mutual benefit, environmental responsibility, and geoeconomic partnership. The article also examines the effectiveness of Azerbaijan’s policy in maintaining a balance between fossil fuels and renewable energy sources in the international energy market and emphasizes the ecological, economic, and diplomatic significance of its future energy strategy.

In an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, cross-linguistic communication skills have become not only desirable but also a fundamental necessity. This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of practical foreign language teaching courses. Special attention is given to teaching the language not merely as an academic subject but as a means of communication. Based on wellknown linguistic theories and international teaching practices, the article analyzes various pedagogical frameworks and evaluates the structure of language teaching programs. At the same time, it identifies existing inconsistencies in program design and offers recommendations to improve alignment with teaching objectives, the effectiveness of outcomes, and the integration of modern educational technologies. The main argument is that a well-structured curriculum grounded in theoretical and methodological principles plays a decisive role in developing learners’ communicative competence.

The Armenian-Muslim conflict has been continuing for centuries. In these confrontations, Muslims have always suffered heavy losses, massacres, and displacement mainly due to the cunning and cruelty of Armenians. With the direct support of their Russian and Persian allies, Armenians created countless hardships for Turks and Azerbaijanis. The betrayals, hypocrisy, deceit, cruelty, and treachery of Armenians have been widely reflected both in Azerbaijani oral folklore and in written literature. In this article, through the works of our classic writer Jalil Mammadguluzade, especially his work “Kamancha”, the identity, character, and betrayal of Armenians are clearly revealed through the language of the Armenian characters. Anyone reading this article will find the answer to the question of who the Armenians are. Indeed, Armenians are portrayed as a thieving, malicious, envious, bloodthirsty, dishonorable, and devilish tribe, who since ancient times have been hostile toward Azerbaijanis and Turks, attempting to exterminate them, and constantly carrying out massacres and acts of terror.

The article is disscussed about Great Silk Road Caravan Trade and its routes. This road which has a history of 2500 years, has not only created economic relations connecting the states and peoples along it, but also led to the emergence of ethnic relations. These relations can be considered a great development path the Turkich world. The scientific importance of Silk Road has always been in the center of interest of researchers. Unfortunately, due to political factors, researchers have approached this subject superficially and have not been seriously engaged in its comprehensive study. This international trade route, stretching approximately 7,000 kilometers and passing through neighborhoods, cities, and large settlements, succeeded in uniting peoples across a vast area.

The presented article discusses the social impact of ‎innovations in the field of ICT and artificial ‎intelligence on society. The article examines the ‎possibilities of artificial intelligence's impact on the ‎social character of society, analyzes artificial ‎intelligence from its positive and negative aspects, and ‎notes the possibilities of pragmatic use of artificial ‎intelligence against the background of new changes, as ‎well as its real and probable consequences. At the same ‎time, it discusses global and regional challenges related ‎to artificial intelligence and analyzes the main goals of ‎national strategies related to artificial intelligence. ‎Preventive security measures and ethical aspects during ‎the use of artificial intelligence against the background ‎of changes in the field of artificial intelligence in ‎Azerbaijan are also among the main research topics.

The article examines the main tasks of developing Russian speech, types of ‎speech activity, work on the perception of Russian speech in close connection ‎with the studied lexical and grammatical means of the Russian language and ‎active speaking: mastering the norms of literary pronunciation, spelling, word ‎inflection when teaching Russian as a foreign language. The purpose of ‎developing Russian speech in military personnel in Russian as a foreign ‎language classes at a military university is unprepared speech, i.e. speech ‎activity that provides the opportunity for linguistic communication in natural ‎or created situations. Methods for developing monologue and dialogic speech ‎are given. The main tasks that need to be solved in the process of teaching both ‎monologue and dialogic utterance are formulated. At the initial stage, dialogic ‎speech dominates. Students master conversational and etiquette formulas. ‎Microdialogues help to adequately perceive Russian speech in everyday life ‎situations, as well as generate their own statements. Monologue speech is characterized by relative semantic completeness and communicative focus of ‎the statement.‎ Based on the results of methodological and pedagogical research, the article ‎highlights the problems of the methodology for developing oral and written ‎Russian speech in non-fluent and basic-level students of non-linguistic special-‎purpose universities. The purpose of the article is to find ways to intensify the ‎process of developing Russian speech in classes of Russian as a foreign ‎language, and to optimize the work of students and teachers. The presented ‎results were obtained in the course of experimental work conducted in various ‎academic groups of students of short-term courses of initial and intermediate ‎levels of studying Russian as a foreign language at the Center of Foreign ‎Languages of the Military Administration Institute.