The genus Dendrobium is highly valued in horticulture, particularly for its racemose inflorescences, Dendrobium used both as potted plants and cut flowers.The scape of these inflorescences is crucial for nutrient transport to the flowers and for their presentation.Despite its importance, the structural and physiological changes of the scape during the growth stages of Dendrobium flowers are not well understood.To address this, we studied Dendrobium 'Garnet Beauty', a variety with a racemose inflorescence.We conducted metabolomic profiling, physiological response characterization, and morphological observations during the mature and senescent phases of flowering, focusing on two distinct positions on the scape.Our results indicated that the distal and proximal flowers on the scape did not differ significantly in terms of the lifespan or morphological structure.However, the primary metabolite contents of the distal portion were significantly higher than those of the proximal portion and the total area of the vascular bundles and phloem in the distal portion was greater than that in the proximal portion, indicating high nutrient transport efficiency in the distal portion.The amino acid and derivative and organic acid contents of the scape increased with age, indicating efficient nutrient recycling and utilization within the flowers.These findings indicate that the scape may contribute to maintaining consistent flower longevity by enhancing the nutrient transport capacity and providing a storage function, thereby ensuring a steady supply of nutrients to flowers.These results provide theoretical support for Dendrobium fresh-cut flower breeding.

This study was conducted to investigate changes in the adhesivity of 'Fuji' apple (Malus domestica Borkh) fruits during the period when typhoons mainly occur and to obtain agricultural engineering information related to fruit drop through a simulation using a wind tunnel and shaking table. Fruit adhesivity was assessed by measuring the tensile force at the time of fruit drop when pulling the fruit from the tree. Fruit adhesivity during the growing season (July to September) tended to decrease as maturity approached, but this was not statistically significant. On the other hand, fruit adhesivity when measured at artificial drop angles of 0°, 30°, and 60° based on the fruit stalk decreased significantly as the angle increased. Using an acceleration sensor, the natural frequencies of the inner, middle, and outer parts of the scaffold branch (in the direction of the main stem) were found to be 52.0 cycles·min-1, 332.2 cycles·min-1, and 346.5 cycles·min-1, respectively. The natural frequency according to the movement direction of the scaffold branch was higher for horizontal displacement (874.2 cycles·min-1) than for vertical displacement (443 cycles·min-1). The natural frequency of the fruit was measured and found to be 420.5 cycles·min-1. Additionally, as a result of measuring the natural frequency after binding 60 cm parts (from the main stem) of the scaffold branches, the natural frequency was found to be lower than the control (no binding), and the vertical displacement was lower than the horizontal displacement. Using a wind tunnel, fruits did not fall at wind velocity of 0 to 9 m·s-1, and the average displacement (up to 17 mm) tended to increase as the wind velocity was increased. In an experiment using a shaking table, displacement values in the range of 5 to 30 mm were applied based on the displacement coefficient calculated in the wind tunnel experiment, and the bearing branch of the apple tree was shaken using a 'pendulum' type of vibration method. The fruit drop began with a displacement coefficient of 10 mm, and the time required for fruit drop shortened as the displacement coefficient was increased. In the relationship between the displacement coefficient and the wind velocity, a displacement coefficient of 10 mm indicated a wind velocity of 6 to 9 m·s-1, but this result may lead to fruit drop even at lower wind velocities because certain cultivation characteristics (e.g., tree form, number of leaves, fruit yield, abscission layer maturity of fruit) and natural wind characteristics (e.g., gusts, eddies, wind direction) were not taken into account. Wind can cause primary displacement in apple trees containing fruits and can then induce secondary displacement due to the weight of the fruit and the elasticity of the branches, and it is presumed that these primary and secondary displacements cause fruit drop.

Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) has recently seen increased cultivation area and yield and is known to respond well to supplemental lighting to enhance light conditions during periods of short-day length hours.This study evaluated methods of supplemental lighting by analyzing the photosynthetic rate, growth, and yield of paprika leaves under different lighting treatments.During a six-month cultivation period, treatment groups that utilized solar radiation sensitivity under general supplemental lighting (GSL), which operated under low solar radiation, and daily integral supplemental lighting (DISL), which operated until the target amount of light was achieved, were compared to a control group without supplemental lighting.Photosynthetic rate of paprika under both supplemental lighting conditions was higher than in control, and DISL promoted a significantly higher photosynthetic rate than other treatments.Growth analysis showed the characteristic indeterminate growth of paprika where vegetative and generative growth alternated under defoliation.The maximum relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area ratio (LAR), and specific leaf area (SLA) were initially 8 mgg, and 310 cm, but they decreased as growth progressed.Net assimilation rate (NAR), which was related to the main factors in plant productivity, changed according to growth stage.Leaf area index (LAI) initially increased from 1.0 to 2.5.Crop growth rate (CGR) was the maximum at 10.2 gm -2 d-1 when LAI was 2.4.Sugar content and yield of fruits were higher in the supplemental treatment groups than the control.These findings suggest that paprika could be efficiently cultivated even in poor light conditions by providing a light level adequate to allow morphological and physiological differentiation.

An aquaponic system combines growing plants and fish, where optimal water quality is essential to a balanced and productive system.This research evaluated effects of nutrition supplements and their combinations of T 1 (KHCO 3 ), T 2 (KHCO 3 + Fe-EDTA) and T 3 (KHCO 3 + Fe-EDTA + KH 2 PO 4 ) on aquaponic water and plant growth.Geranium (Pelargonium zonale L.) plants and goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) were kept together in a small tank for 60 days and a recycling deep flow system was installed for planterior purposes.Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and nutrient concentration of water and plant growth parameters were measured.Results showed that EC and pH fluctuated during the treatment period, they were higher in T 3 but lower in the control than in others.At 60 days after treatment, potassium, phosphate, and sulfate were significantly higher in T 3 -treated water than in other treatments.Magnesium, calcium, and nitrate were significantly higher in the control than in others.At 60 days after treatment, plant height and the number of leaves were the highest for T 2 -treated plants.Leaf length, leaf width, NDVI, and SPAD values were significantly higher for T 2 and T 3 -treated plants than for others.However, leaf discoloration of plants was significantly lower in T 2 and T 3 treated groups.Leaf discoloration showed negative correlations with SPAD and NDVI values.These results suggest that T 2 treatment is preferable for sustainable water quality and the growth of geranium plants in an aquaponic system as a planterior.

This study was carried out in order to investigate ammonia emissions, soil chemical properties and fruit quality according to urea fertilizer (UR) and organic fertilizer (OF) applications under a rain-proof cultivation system in an 'Campbell Early' vineyard. The results showed that ammonia emissions in the UR2 (200 kg N•ha -1

A transcriptome analysis was conducted to select differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from 'Fuji' apple tree leaves exposed to high temperatures (35C) for 24 hours.A total of 34,158,132 and 41,475,948 paired-end reads for 25C and 35C samples of 'Fuji' apple tree leaves were obtained, respectively.The average read-length ranged from 90.0 to 90.2 bp and the analyzed reads were found to cover 82.8-83.1% of the raw data.DEGs were divided into 15, 11, and 30 main functional categories of molecular functions, cellular components, and biological processes with different degrees at level 3, respectively.The major up-regulated genes included a GDSL-like lipase/acylhydrolase superfamily protein, a cell wall protein precursor, MLP-like protein 423, heat shock protein 18.2, a HSP20-like chaperones superfamily protein, phytosulfokine receptor 1, a protein phosphatase 2C family protein, and microsomal glutathione s-transferase, while the major down-regulated genes included 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 19, a cysteine proteinase superfamily protein, the plant invertase/ pectin methylesterase inhibitor heat shock protein 70, ferretin 1, nitrate transporter 1.7, and heat shock protein 81-2 in apple leaves exposed to high temperatures.The selected DEGs were confirmed to be differentially expressed by high temperatures in a quantitative real time-PCR analysis with gene-specific primers.Transcriptome data can provide meaningful information about the discovery of specific gene and can elucidate the mechanism in apple trees responding to high temperatures, and selected DEGs can be used as genetic resources in the molecular breeding of apples tolerant to foreign stress sources such as high temperatures in the future.

The occurrence of Alternaria leaf blight is known to reduce ginseng yields by 10-30%. To prevent the disease, agricultural pesticides are applied nine to twelve times a year. However, the repeated use of the same type of pesticides increases the incidence of pesticide resistant strains, disrupting the entire ecosystem. Addressing this issue requires the development of a new ginseng cultivar that is resistant to Alternaria leaf blight. To this end, Chungjin, a cultivar resistant to leaf blight, and Sunone, a cultivar susceptible to the disease, were examined using detached leaf methods. The examination covered a wide range of factors and topics, including the optimization of conditions for early diagnosis testing, the relationship between leaf cuticles and disease development, the correlation between microclimate conditions under the shade and disease development, and changes in the yield of ginseng resulting from reduced pesticide application. The optimal conditions for early diagnosis testing were determined as follows: adaxial leaf surfaces were inoculated with a conidial suspension containing a concentration of 1 × 10 5 spores/mL. Subsequently, the leaves were incubated at a temperature of 20°C and relative humidity of 70% for eight days. The delayed development of Alternaria blight in Chungjin is attributed to the presence of well-developed leaf cuticles. Among the weather conditions considered here, rainfall exhibited the highest correlation with disease development, followed by temperature. High relative humidity was found to have little correlation. Despite the fact that pesticides were applied only twice in a period from July to late August, Chungjin also had 22% more yield. Chungjin reduces the required amount of pesticide application, thereby preventing the emergence of pesticide resistant strains and contributing to environmental protection. The major findings of this study are expected to serve as foundational data for further research on leaf blight resistance and agronomic control.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different rootstocks on the organic acid content of 'Minihyang' mandarin at different developmental stages. The titratable acidity of 'Minihyang' fruit was the highest in the early stage and decreased rapidly during maturity. The level of acidity in the Flying Dragon rootstock was significantly higher than that in the trifoliate orange rootstock at the early stage of growth, but the difference between them was insignificant during maturity. The content of organic acid showed a similar trend to that of titratable acidity, but the difference between rootstocks was very small. In the early stages of fruit development of 'Minihyang' mandarin, most of the organic acids were citric acid, but during maturation and ripening, malic acid was slightly more than citric acid. Unlike the decrease in citric acid, citrate synthase (CS) activity was maintained at a high level throughout the growing period. On the other hand, with the increase in malic acid, the activities of NAD-malic dehydrogenase (MDH) and NADP-malic enzyme (ME) gradually increased. The expression of CS genes related to citric acid synthesis increased gradually with fruit growth, while the expression of aconitase genes related to decomposition increased gradually. MDH and ME genes related to malic acid and oxalic acid synthesis in mitochondria increased with fruit ripening, while cytoplasmic MDH decreased. In addition, in the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate

Climate change affects the growth of plants, and elevated CO 2 concentrations and temperatures can cause leaf senescence and poor flower bud differentiation, which can reduce pepper production. Here, we undertook a quantitative evaluation of how elevated CO 2 concentrations and temperatures compared to ambient conditions affect the growth and yield of peppers. Four CO 2 concentration and temperature treatments were applied to the cultivation of the 'Hongchowang' variety pepper. The first treatment involved an ambient CO 2 concentration and temperature, the second used an elevated CO 2 concentration and an ambient temperature, the third used an ambient CO 2 concentration and an elevated temperature, and the fourth used both an elevated CO 2 concentration and elevated temperature. An elevated CO 2 concentration caused decreases in the height, leaf area, and fruit yield, while an elevated temperature led to increases in the plant height, leaf area, and fruit yield. An elevated CO 2 concentration increased the numbers of leaves and fruit as well as the leaf photosynthetic rate in peppers but also increased the IAA concentration, resulting in a large number of small leaves. On the other hand, an increase in the temperature caused an increase in the C/N ratio, increasing both the yield and number of fruit. In order to secure similar levels of pepper production under future climate change, a combination of measures against CO 2 concentration and temperature increases will be required.

Most citrus rootstocks in Korea are seedlings of trifoliate orange.They are mainly known to have a nucellar origin, but at a low rate, those with self-fertilized origins are mixed in, and it is difficult to distinguish between the two types visually.If some self-fertilized seedlings are thus mixed, nonuniformity of citrus planting stocks would appear.Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of self-fertilized seedlings and the uniformity of seedlings using with DNA markers that identify nucellar and self-fertilized seedlings in trifoliate oranges.Twenty SSRs were selected and determined to be heterozygous in the twisted 'Flying Dragon' (Poncirus trifoliata cv.Flying Dragon) and homozygous in the straight 'Flying Dragon', originating from self-fertilization.A total of seven representative SSRs, capable of double checking in a single plant, were finally selected.As a result of an origin analysis by applying the selected SSRs to a common population of trifoliate oranges, more of those with self-fertilized origins were detected from small plants than large plants when two seedlings were grown from one seed.In particular, the largest plant did not have a self-fertilized origin when several plants were grown from one seed sown in vitro.Also, when the frequency of self-fertilized seedlings was evaluated during the first year and second year in a nursery, a self-fertilized origin was detected at a rate of 4.0% in large seedlings and 26% in small seedlings in the first year after sowing.Plants with poor growth were rogued and degenerated in the second year after sowing, and their self-fertilized origins were detected at a rate of 5.5%.The results here suggests that the selected SSR markers would be helpful to improve the uniformity of the production of citrus planting stocks and would enable the detection of nonuniform growth in citrus plants.