Many studies have examined the role of inflammation in the development of diabetic neuropathy (DPN). Evaluate the relation of the serum level of Transforming Growth Factor-β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy DPN. In a case-control study, randomly selected 140 diabetic patients were included, the randomly selected patients were divided equally and matched into a case group who have diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic neuropathy-free patients as a control group. For both groups whole blood sample was examined to compare for (TGF-β), and (TNF-α) levels determination by ELISA technique. The age of the study samples ranged from 25 to 80 years with a male ratio of 1.45:1 although the sex differences between both groups were not significant. The mean levels of (TNF-α) and (TGF-β) was significantly higher among cases group than that of controls group (254.86 ± 75.9 vs158.01 ± 50.600) for TNF-α and for TGF- β (312.85 ± 62.27 vs. 217.82 ± 52.95) respectively. Both TNF-α and TGF-β have high sensitivity and specificity in detection of DPN. The sensitivity of TNF-α was 95.7% and specificity of 61.4% area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.870 ± 0.029, while the sensitivity of TGF-β was 91.4%, and specificity of 67.1 with good area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.891 ± 0.026 (P=0.000). TNF-α and TGF -β are significantly elevated levels in patients with DPN, these cytokines could be used as indicators for the development of DPN.

Information regarding seropositivity and vaccine efficacy among medical students is scarce. This study aims to detect the status of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies among the Sinopharm's Vero Cell (BBIBP-CorV) vaccinated medical students. A prospective, cross-sectional study was carried out among medical students of Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal from March through August 2022. The level of SARS-CoV-2 serum- neutralizing IgG antibody was measured and its relation with participants' age and sex, duration of vaccination, and any comorbid condition was determined. A total of 110 medical students were included in the final analysis, the majority being females (65.5%) and the mean age is 23.1 ± 3.2years. Most of the students (96.4%) had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Among the 29 (26.36%) students who received a booster dose, the positivity rate was 100%. The mean IgG levels were 9.57 ± 9.58μg/ml and 2.91 ± 2.47μg/ml among students receiving an additional booster dose and among those not receiving it, respectively. In the cohort receiving a booster dose of the vaccine, the average value of neutralizing IgG antibodies was high. In contrast, the ones not receiving it, the titers were low and showed a declining trend. Though the dose strategy of the Sinopharm vaccine is effective, booster vaccination may be an important strategy to ensure protection among medical students, who are at high risk of COVID-19 due to constant patient exposure during their training. Further studies should assess vaccine efficacy among individuals who received other vaccines as well.

Asthma is a major global disease affecting adults and children, which can lead to hospitalization and death due to breathing difficulties. Although targeted monoclonal antibody therapies have revolutionized treatment of severe asthma, some patients still fail to respond. Here we critically evaluate the literature on biologic therapy failure in asthma patients with particular reference to anti-drug antibody production, and subsequent loss of response, as the potential primary cause of drug failure in asthma patients. Encouragingly, asthma in most cases responds to treatment, including the use of an increasing number of biologic drugs in moderate to severe disease. This includes monoclonal antibody inhibitors of immunoglobulin E and cytokines, including interleukin 4, 5, or 13 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These limit mast cell and eosinophil activity that cause the symptomatic small airways obstruction and exacerbations. Despite humanization of the antibodies, it is evident that benralizumab; dupilumab; mepolizumab; omalizumab; reslizumab and tezepelumab all induce anti-drug antibodies to some extent. These can contribute to adverse events including infusion reactions, serum sickness, anaphylaxis and potentially disease activity due to loss of therapeutic function. Monitoring anti-drug antibodies (ADA) may allow prediction of future treatment-failure in some individuals allowing treatment cessation and switching therefore potentially limiting disease breakthrough.

Monoclonal antibody biologics have significantly transformed the therapeutic landscape within the biopharmaceutical industry, partly due to the utilisation of discovery technologies such as the hybridoma method and phage display. While these established platforms have streamlined the development process to date, their reliance on cell transformation for antibody identification faces limitations related to library diversification and the constraints of host cell physiology. Cell-free systems like ribosome display offer a complementary approach, enabling antibody selection in a completely in vitro setting while harnessing enriched cellular molecular machinery. This review aims to provide an overview of the fundamental principles underlying the ribosome display method and its potential for advancing antibody discovery and development.

Patent protection of therapeutic antibodies and T cell receptors is an important tool to enable the path to the market. In view of the substantial spendings for R&D and regulatory approval, sponsors expect exclusivity for their drug for a given period of time. Different categories exist to protect therapeutic antibodies and T cell receptors. One of these categories are epitope-based patent claims, with regard to which in the different jurisdictions, different patentability standards exist, which, furthermore, are constantly changed by courts and lawmakers. This article tries to explain the patentability issues related to epitope-based patent claims. For this purpose, an overview is given on the respective legal provisions and court decisions. The study reveals that the respective patentability standards are constantly changed by courts and lawmakers. Companies developing therapeutic antibodies or T cell receptors need to consider these developments in their strategic planning.

SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is combined with a high death rate and morbidity in different regions across the world. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine secreted in response to tissue injury, primarily produced by macrophages. C-reactive protein (CRP) is considered a part of innate immunity and is elevated in response to infection and cancer. This study includes one hundred patients infected with the viral pathogen known as SARS-CoV-2 and fifty healthy individuals attending Al-Salam Hospital in Baghdad. Approximately 5ml of samples were collected from each virus-infected patient and healthy control, then separated by centrifuge and stored in a refrigerator until testing. The study timeline was from October 1st, 2020, to January 15th, 2021. The SARS-CoV-2 (IgM, IgG) antibody was measured using the immunofluorescent technique with the Afias instrument. The IL-6 was measured using the ELISA technique with a human Elisa reader. The CRP titer was measured using the immunofluorescent technique with the Afias instrument. The level of SARS-CoV-2 (IgM, IgG) antibody was 0.01 ± 0.004, 0.02 ± 0.004, respectively, in healthy controls, while in COVID-19 patients, the level of SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody was 2.45 ± 1.87, and the level of IgG antibody was 5.16 ± 2.63 in COVID-19 patients. The IL-6 level was 0.88 ± 0.28, 5.82 ± 3.28 in healthy controls and COVID-19 patients, respectively. The CRP titer in healthy controls was 1.25 ± 0.36, while in COVID-19 patients, it was 13.8 ± 4.85. The aim of the research is to focus on the association between IL-6 level and CRP titer, with a concentration on COVID-19 patients, and to determine if IL-6 possesses the potential to serve as a biomarker for prognosticating the extent of COVID-19 infection.

A cost-effective and eco-friendly method is needed for the assessment of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in large populations. We investigated the performance of an ELISA that uses silkworm-produced proteins to quantify the strain-specific anti-Spike IgG (anti-S IgG) titer. The OD values for the anti-His-tag antibody, a standard material of ELISA quantification, were measured. Correlations between the ELISA for each strain and the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay for the wild type were evaluated with serum samples from nine participants with various infection and vaccination statuses. Linear dose-responses were confirmed by high coefficients of determination: 0.994, 0.994, and 0.996 for the wild-type, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1) strain assays, respectively. The coefficient of determination for the wild-type and Delta strain assays was high at 0.959 and 0.892, respectively, while the Omicron strain assay had a relatively low value of 0.563. Booster vaccinees showed similar or higher titers against all strains compared to infected persons without vaccination. The Omicron-infected persons without vaccination had lower antibody titers against wild type than did the vaccinated persons. This study provides data indicating that the ELISA with silkworm-produced proteins makes it possible to discriminate and quantify the strain-specific anti-S IgG antibody induced by vaccination or infection.

Among the cancers that impacts men, prostate cancer considerably raises deaths for males around the world. Persons with tumours can have a localized or advanced form of the illness. The present study aimed to determining the relationship between the level of cytokines (IL-10 and TNF-a) and PSA in the sera of patients and compared it with healthy. A case control study consist of three group included was in this study. The first group involves 50 patients with PC were observation in Al-Amal Oncology Hospital in the period from April 2021 to April 2022 under the supervision of oncology specialists was included in this study. Second group consist of 30 patients. They have benign hyper plaisa (BHP), this group has been collected from urosergical department . Third group was include 20 healthy volunteers (non prostate cancer and non BHP). Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was measured by mini- VIDAS device using kit supplied by Biomerieux- France. IL-10 and TNF-a levels were measured by ELISA technique using kit supplied by CAUSABIO- China. Results of the present study showed the 60-69 years age group scored highest percentage in benign (56.7%), malignant (54.0%), compared to control (healthy) (50.0%), while > 69 years scored least percentage in these groups (3.3%, 14.0%, and 25.0%) respectively with significant different (p< 0.05). Additionally, the IL-10 and PSA scored highest mean levels in the malignant group (1.22 ± 0.23 and 27.66 ± 6.31), while TNF-a scored highest mean levels in a benign group (0.30 ± 0.11). The least mean level of IL-10 was in healthy (0.42 ± 0.15), TNF-a in malignant (0.23 ± 0.03), and PSA in benign (6.73 ± 1.36). Finally, there is a significant difference among age groups and PSA, IL-10, and TNF-parameters. We concluded the PSA, TNF-a and IL-10 parameters are play important roles in pathogenesis patients with prostate cancer. PCa is high prevalence in elderly population.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of blood cancer that is more prevalent in children. Several treatment methods are available for ALL, including chemotherapy, upfront treatment regimens, and pediatric-inspired regimens for adults. Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are the novel Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved remedies for the relapsed/refractory (R/R) adult ALL. In this article, we aimed to review studies that investigated the efficacy and safety of Mabs on ALL. We gathered studies through a complete search with all proper related keywords in ISI Web of Science, SID, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed for English language publications up to 2020. The most commonly studied Mabs for ALL therapies are CD-19, CD-20, CD-22, and CD-52. The best results have been reported in the administration of blinatumomab, rituximab, ofatumumab, and inotuzumab with acceptable low side effects. Appling personalized approach for achieving higher efficacy is one of the most important aspects of treatment. Moreover, we recommend that the wide use of these Mabs depends on designing further cost-effectiveness trials in this field.

The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 caused a global pandemic since the last two years. The urgent need to control the spread of the virus and rapid application of the suitable health measures raised the importance of available, rapid, and accurate diagnostic approaches. The purpose of this study is to describe a rapid in-house optimized ELISA based on the expression of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a prokaryotic system. We show the expression of the 30 kDa recombinant SARS-CoV-2 RBD-6×His in four different E. coli strains (at 28∘C using 0.25mM IPTG) including the expression strain E. coli BL21 (DE3) Rosetta Gami. SARS-CoV-2 rRBD-6×His protein was purified, refolded, and used as an antigen coat to assess antibody response in human sera against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The assessment was carried out using a total of 155 human sero-positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The ELISA showed 69.5% sensitivity, 88% specificity, 78.5% agreement, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 92.3%, and a negative predictive value of 56.5%. Moreover, the optical density (OD) values of positive samples significantly correlated with the commercial kit titers. Specific human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were detected by rapid in-house ELISA in sera of human COVID-19-infected patients. The availability of this in-house ELISA protocol would be valuable for various diagnostic and epidemiological applications, particularly in developing countries. Future studies are planned for the use of the generated SARS-CoV-2 rRBD-6×His protein in vaccine development and other diagnostic applications.