The Indian Renaissance was led by Raja Rammohon (1772-1833

This study is focused on the development of mathematical sciences in India during the Second World War with reference particularly to India's indigenous tradition in mathematics, the ongoing freedom struggle in the country, and the crosscurrents of influences coming from all over the world. The subject acquires significance all the more as an entirely new branch of mathematics--Operational Researchcame into being during this period, and revolutionary progress was made in other areas like artificial intelligence and computer science, and statistics. Since India was crucially involved in the war as a part of the British Empire, a look at the developments here may prove valuable, especially in the light of her own rich tradition in mathematics and its application in the postwar reconstruction. For, as the war escalated and postwar reconstruction became a national urgency in many countries, especially the Allied and the Axis powers, research in these areas unveiled their potentialities for peacetime development, too. What was the scenario in India? How and how far could the mathematical sciences develop during the war here, especially in comparison to the developed countries? Did the indigenous knowledge and talent prove of any help both with respect to the global war and post-war reconstruction?

The ideas, methods and results concerning the title research (1885-1887) are examined. The impact of latter developments in structural chemistry on the meaning of the work is scrutinized. Double sulfates incorporating monovalent (Mm) and bivalent (Mb) metals, Mm 2 SO 4 .MbSO 4 .6H 2 O, 1, had been known for long but the forces binding the two sulfates together in 1 were not understood. There were also a few controversial reports about double double sulfates where two type 1 salts differing in Mb (say Mb and Mb) combined in 1:1 ratio giving new entities. This prompted Prafulla Chandra to engage in search, synthesis and characterization work to clarify the doubts in the area. He succeeded in isolating double double sulfates the combining proportion being variable (x:y) and not 1:1 (x and y are integers that could vary from system to system). Decades later it was revealed that all type 1 salts strictly belong to the same structural type where ions (Mm + , Mb 2+ and SO 4 2-) and water molecules are held tightly into a unique three-dimensional lattice via coordination and hydrogen bonding networks ( no discrete metal sulfate molecules are present). Two such salts with different Mb forms solid solutions freely in any proportion with random distribution of Mb and Mb in the lattice. The double double sulfates reported by Prafulla Chandra and others could thus only be solid solutions or mixtures thereof but not discrete compounds. Historically this reinterpretation is but one example of the traverse of structural inorganic chemistry from a period of guesswork to one of informed visualization made possible by the advent of theories and physical tools.

Until recently, before the highways were widened, cube-shaped water-reservoirs (resting) on pillars were found along the main roads of the eastern part of the Mysore Plateau, to the south-east of Karnataka and north-west of Tamilnadu. Called tartoi in Tamil, jalandhara in Kannada, they were made of granite slabs with joints solidly filled with mortar, put together as a carpentry work with mortice and tenon joints at the top. They were usually supported by four, or three and even two pillars or they rested on a brick or stone platform and they had a removable cover so that water could be poured inside. Considered as charity-water (dharma-udaka), they were meant for all road users, irrespective of caste, as could be seen recently in the tarpandal of the Tamil country at the time of festivals. Evidently, these facilities could be attributed to philanthropists of the past, princes and wealthy merchants; may be also to more humble individuals. Most of these water-works have been abandoned.

The Chalcolithic or the Early Farming community flourished from 7000 BC to first millennium BC all over South Asia due to many factors, including climate change and population pressure. A large number of sites discovered and selected ones excavated have thrown flood of light on various aspects of their lifestyle, including crafts and technological advances made by these people. Most of the technologies were innovated due to sheer necessities. This paper discusses the evidence from excavated sites a variety of pyro and non-pyro technologies the Chalcolithic people introduced and used over such a long period.

appears to be originally from Chittagong and was born in the same year when Bengal was partitioned by the British Colonial Regime, and the national movement against this partition was at its peak. In his short span of life of 33 years, Gurugovinda showed a tremendous national spirit not only as a successful advocate of Calcutta High Court after his graduation from St. Xaviars College,

Soma plant has been a mystery since a long time.A number of plants were proposed as Soma in the past by various authorities.Wasson (1968) proposed and claimed with a specific approach that Amanita muscaria, a mushroom was the Soma of the gveda.The juice of it was used as Soma drink.The Vedic Āryas (earlier called 'Vedic Āryans'), were the composer of gveda.They used to compose hymns (mantras) to record their day to day experiences, their cultural life and adoration of their deities including Soma.It is speculated, when, Soma became rare and was difficult to find, then Śyena, the Falcon (a kind of bird) was used to collect and bring to their masters and it is well recorded in the gvedic hymns.Perhaps, Wasson did not give any importance to this fact, which actually well supports his findings.Nothing is known about the origin or migration of Vedic Āryas.They used ephedra, cannabis and poppy in preparation of Soma drink and is supported by an archaeological finding by Sarianidi, in 2003 AD.Sarianidi called the Vedic Āryas as Zorastrians settled in Bactria and India.It is not certain what ingredients were used to prepare the Soma drink.In India, when they were in the mountainous region of Afghanistan and Kashmir, they used ephedra, which was plentifully available for preparation of Soma drink.With their work as they migrated in the Indian plains eastwards and southwards they had to use other locally growing plants as substitute or surrogates like: Sarcostemma spp., Ceropegia spp., Periploca aphylla, etc. because ephedra was not available.The paper deals with the story as to how Wasson came to the conclusion that Amanita muscaria is the Soma of the gveda and the plants used as Soma in different periods of time with the movements of the Vedic Āryas.Lastly, the present status of Soma in Indian religion & culture is briefly discussed, where it is worshipped and only mentioned in the hand books of daily worship used by the Hindu brāhmins (priests).

Since time immemorial manas has been the subject of curiosity for scholars, scientists and philosophers.Vedic, Philosophical and Āyurvedic literatures have a vast and deep description of manas.Philosophers either 'āstika' or 'nāstika' have described manas siddhāñta vividly.Though these kinds of difference of opinions are there, all the darśana accept the importance of manas in the process of perception and even for the birth of any individual.Here, an attempt is made to highlight the concept of manas in sākhya darśana.