<p>Research in the field of radiodiagnostics has been extensively developed, creating the need for substitute objects to represent human organs—namely, radiological phantoms. A phantom is a simulated model of an organ fabricated using 3D printing technology. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of Expanded Polyamide – Glass Fiber (EPA-GF) as a kidney stone phantom material embedded within a kidney phantom, based on parameters such as material density, CT number, electron density, and radiation dose across various CT scan exposure voltages. The phantom samples were printed using a dual-extruder 3D printer, with Expanded Polycarbonate (EPC) used as the kidney phantom material. CT scan exposure voltages were set to 80 kV, 100 kV, and 120 kV. Kidney stone sizes used in this study ranged from 1 mm to 8 mm (1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, and 8 mm). The measured density of EPA-GF was 1.51 ± 0.06 g/cm³. The CT numbers obtained at each voltage were 373.30 HU, 329.05 HU, and 299.46 HU, respectively. The corresponding electron density values were 1.231, 1.210, and 1.196, respectively. The effective doses measured at each voltage were 0.0240 mSv, 0.0448 mSv, and 0.0798 mSv. All parameter values were found to be closely aligned with literature references. The smallest visible kidney stone size detected was 2 mm.</p>

<p>Theoretical investigation of the effect of the polarization angle on high-order harmonic generation in an inhomogeneous two-color field is reported. The results show that the use of two-color fields greatly enhanced the harmonic cutoff point in comparison with the one-color field from 70th to 90th orders in a homogeneous field. In addition, the introduction of an inhomogeneity parameter of 0.003 generated a broad supercontinuum of approximately 270 orders. However, an increase in the polarization angle adversely affected the harmonic cutoff.</p>

<p>Recent advancements in the synthesis of carbon dots utilizing basic equipment are crucial for their large-scale production. This study explores the use of household pressure cookers to synthesize carbon dots from fish waste. A thermocouple and manometer are integrated into the cooker to regulate temperature and monitor pressure. Optimization of the equipment reveals that heating 2000 mL of distilled water to 100°C requires 20, 30, and 32 minutes with power inputs of 800 W, 700 W, and 600 W, respectively. The modified cooker achieves optimal pressure and temperature at 2.4 bars, 1.7 bars, and 1.5 bars, and 136°C, 123°C, and 122°C after 60 minutes of heating with the same power inputs. These results demonstrate that a household pressure cooker can effectively synthesize carbon dots. Experiments using dried Red Snapper fish spray powder, both unground and ground, at 800 W, 700 W, and 600 W, reach optimal pressure of 2.4 bar in 36, 49, and 58 minutes, and temperatures of 128°C, 131°C, and 136°C. Carbon dots are synthesized from fish scales as fine fibers with a 1:5 weight ratio of scales to distilled water, employing 600 W power, 2.4 bar pressure, 136°C temperature, 58 minutes of boiling, 5 minutes of centrifugation at 3500 rpm, and 45 minutes of ultrasound at 42 kHz. The formation of carbon dots is confirmed by an absorption peak at 405 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum, indicating high absorbance and bright blue fluorescence. Further investigation is required to optimize equipment using various fish scales and purification processes</p>

<span lang="EN-AU">This study aims to investigate the mineralogical composition of Ultisols and Alfisols using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analytical technique and FTIR analysis to provide fundamental information on these soil types. Thirty samples of Ultisols and Alfisols were collected from six selected sites with different profiles (i.e., Profile 1, Profile 2, and Profile 3) where these soils occur on limestone parent material. We used the Kjeldahl method to determine total nitrogen, a soil pH meter to measure pH, and the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method to analyze chemical elements. Additionally, XRD in conjunction with FTIR spectroscopy was used to examine the mineralogical composition of both soil types.The average total nitrogen content across all profiles ranged from 0.1% to 0.35% for Ultisols and from 0.1% to 0.92% for Alfisols. The soil pH indicated an alkaline reaction, ranging from 4.5 to 5.3 for Ultisols and from 4.8 to 6.2 for Alfisols.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="EN-AU">Chemical element content obtained from oxides in all profiles included Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ti, Ca, S, Na, K, P, Mn, Ni, Co, and Cr. Dominant Si trends, consistently increasing upward on both Ultisol and Alfisol sites, indicated significant soil development in the study area. The diffraction pattern graphics of topsoil from all profiles identified a 100% Silicon oxide quartz low (SiO2) phase with the trigonal (hexagonal axes) crystal system.</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="EN-AU">FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed progressive kaolinization in all Alfisol samples. In contrast, Ultisol Profile 1 expressed montmorillonite, while Profiles 2 and 3 attributed to kaolinite. FTIR results consistently </span>

<span lang="EN-AU">Detection of formalin in fishery products is a significant concern in the food industry to ensure consumer safety. This study compared the performance of Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors without a membrane and with a Trioctyl methyl ammonium Chloride (TOMAC) membrane coating in detecting formalin in fish samples. The research findings indicate that QCM without a membrane for formalin samples has a lower detection limit of 150 ppm and an upper detection limit of 350 ppm with a sensitivity of 2194.171 Hz/ppm. On the other hand, QCM with a TOMAC membrane coating has a lower detection limit of 400 ppm and an upper detection limit of 550 ppm with a sensitivity of 842.7551 Hz/ppm. Meanwhile, QCM without a membrane for formalin in fish samples has a lower detection limit of 450 ppm and an upper detection limit of 650 ppm with a sensitivity of 15386.38 Hz/ppm. At the same time, QCM with a TOMAC membrane coating for formalin in fish samples has a lower detection limit of 350 ppm and an upper detection limit of 500 ppm with a sensitivity of 23108.9 Hz/ppm. Response time analysis shows that both sensors reach a steady state condition after 12 seconds. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate sensors for detecting formalin in fishery products, considering detection limits, sensitivity, and response time as crucial criteria. Thus, these findings can guide the fisheries industry in choosing effective and accurate formalin detection technology.</span>

<p><em>Research has been carried out which aims to analyze and gain knowledge about climate change that is happening in Maros Regency using descriptive, spatial and explanatory statistical methods. The data used is daily climatic data for Maros Regency which is processed using Ecxel, RCLIMDEX and ArcGIS 10.4 software which produces data in the form of graphics and spatial images. In addition, global factors are used as supporting data to determine its relationship with the climate of Maros Regency, to see whether climate change is occurring or only being influenced by global factors such as monsoons and El Nino/La Nina. The pattern of rainfall in Maros Regency is monsoonal, there has been no change in climate patterns for 30 years and there has been a decreasing rate of rainfall, but there has been an increase in the amount of rainfall at the peak of the rainy season and a decrease in rainfall at the peak of the dry season every tenth of the year and the extreme index has increased. The air temperature in Maros district is also experiencing an increasing trend, although it is more significant at the minimum temperature.</em></p>

<p class="Abstract">In the gravity method, information about mass density value is very important because it will influence the characteristic of the 1-D gravity acceleration graph. However, it is quite difficult to guess the mass density value so that is suitable to the 1-D acceleration graph. This is called “a priori” information. Trial and error way is one way to solve this problem. It is a very random value guess also. To make sure that the initial guess of mass density is a good parameter, Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) can be used. It generates many possibilities from the guess value and then these possibilities will be selected to the best one by likelihood way. The validation is expressed by the random graph as a consequence of the iteration number step of the possibilities. This research is started by using certain values of mass density to create a synthetic model for the field data in Banggai Sula because the area has a complex geology. The synthetic model is used because the gravity forward modelling equation has the sinusoidal form. After Bayesian MCMC is applied to the initial mass density value, it will produce a new mass density value or the estimation value with its response to the 1-D gravity acceleration synthetic graph. Finally, this information will be very useful to create the 2D or 3D inverse modelling in Gravity.</p>

<p><span>Image processing is used to classify lung images with malignant or normal nodules. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) method is often used to classify images. This study uses a modified CNN architecture with various layers, filters, batch size, dropout, and epoch values. Variations were made to determine the best accuracy value and reduce the overfitting value of the proposed CNN architecture. This study implements the method using the Keras library with the Python programming language. The data is in the form of CT-Scan images of lung cancer and normal lungs. The results of several experiments from the proposed model produce an accuracy value of 95% using three layers, 128 filters on the first layer, 256 on the second layer, and 512 filters on the third layer, then with 32 batch sizes, 0.5 dropout.</span></p>

<p class="Abstract">A mud volcano is one type of mountain in the world. Mud volcano has specific characteristics. In Java, several mud volcanoes spread from west to east of Java. Bledug Kuwu and Bledug Cangkring are mud volcanoes in Central Java. Research on the Bledug Kuwu and Cangkring mud volcanoes systems was not done. In this preliminary study, the gravitational field analysis of the Kuwu-Cangkring mud volcano system was done by using GGmPlus satellite data with a 220 m grid and elevation data using ERTM. Free air anomaly data processing obtained a complete Bouguer anomaly value of 23 to 34 mGal. The separation process of anomalies using the upward continuation method produces a local of -0.5 to 0.5 mGal and a regional of 23 mGal to 34 mGal. The local anomaly value of Bledug Kuwu was -0.275 to - 0.05 mGal and Bledug Cangkring-0.125 to 0.1 mGal. The local anomaly around Bledug Cangkring is higher than Bledug Kuwu, indicating a lower density beneath Bledug Kuwu than in Cangkring.</p>

<p>Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a cancer radiation treatment. This approach employs a boron carrier agent in the form of a chemical that is injected into the body and then travels to the cancer cells. In a lung cancer case study, BNCT treatment simulation was carried out using Monte Carlo N Particle (MCNP) software version 6.2. The goal of this study was to determine the most effective boron concentration and irradiation duration in lung cancer therapy utilizing the BNCT method. The geometry based on a phantom model created by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The simulated cancer geometry, which is placed in the right lung's middle lobe. The skin, ribs, and right lung are among the organs at risk. The skin, ribs, and right lung are among the organs at risk. The neutron source for the simulation is the collimator output from the Kartini Nuclear Reactor's thermal column. In this simulation, the variations in boron concentrations were 40 g/g, 45 g/g, 50 g/g, 55 g/g, and 60 g/g of cancer tissue at 5 g/g intervals. The researchers discovered a link between boron injection concentration and irradiation time, with higher boron injection concentrations resulting in shorter irradiation times. The volume of boron injected determines the effective dose absorbed by healthy tissue surrounding cancer cells. The effective boron concentration for lung cancer therapy is 60 g/g, with deterministic cell killing in the rib marrow and right lung. When utilizing a boron concentration of 60 g/g, the irradiation time is 20.4 minutes. Boron concentrations of 60 g/g are projected to create an effective irradiation time for BNCT-based lung cancer therapy based on the ALARA principle due to their shorter duration when compared to other concentration variations.</p>