Introduction: This paper entails an analysis of flexural behavior of pavers made from recycled plastic; a combination of high-density polyethylene (HLPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP), carried out in the period 2022 to 2023, with the academic support of the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Sede Tecnológica; Bogotá - Colombia. Problem: To perform flexural tests and analyze the behavior of pavers made from recycled plastic. Objective: To calculate the Flexural Strength (Re), Maximum Stress, Maximum Breaking Load (Cmax), Modulus of Rupture (Mr), Young’s Modulus, for a sample of 15 paving blocks made from HLPE, LDPE, PP and compare with the NTC 2017 standard. Methodology: 15 flexural tests were performed on the specimens selected for the study, and calculations were made for their respective analysis. Results: For flexural strength, the NTC 2017 standard establishes ranges of 3.8 to 4.2 MPa for individual tests and 4.2 to 5 in grouped tests; for the study carried out, a range of 10.8965 ≤ flexural strength (MPa) ≤ 13.5987 was found. Conclusion: Tests indicate that recycled plastic pavers have a higher modulus of rupture than conventional pavers. Originality: Due to the lack of existing information on the subject of paving stones, it is original to carry out a study of paving stone flexural strength and to evaluate the behavior compared to the standard. Limitations: Did not perform electron microscopy analysis on the material.

Introduction: This article is the result of the research “Analysis of the dynamic systems component of the engineering programs in control and automation and technology in industrial electronics,” developed at the Francisco José de Caldas District University in the years 2022-2023. Problem: The document addresses the lack of a clear and comprehensive structure in the analysis of linear dynamic systems, as well as the absence of an innovative approach to addressing these topics in traditional courses, which hinders their understanding and application in different disciplines. Objective: The objective is to present a novel approach to analyzing linear dynamic systems, providing a complete framework of concepts, relationships, and important tools in this analysis, as well as a literature review based on over seventeen years of experience in courses and studies of this kind. Methodology: A journey of concepts is proposed from signals and systems, through modeling with methods such as black box, white box, gray box, to linear analysis based on examples with calculation of differential equations, state representation, transfer function, and block diagrams. Results: The document aggregates and articulates all the concepts of dynamic systems, along with the relationships and tools used, offering a more practical and intuitive approach to understanding the material. Conclusion: The document provides a comprehensive and articulated view of key concepts in the analysis of linear dynamic systems, highlighting an innovative approach that facilitates their understanding. Its main contribution is to aggregate and articulate these concepts, along with the tools and relationships used, to offer a more practical and clear approach for their study. Originality: The originality lies in proposing a novel and structured approach to analyzing linear dynamic systems, addressing the lack of clarity and completeness in traditional approaches. Limitations: Although the document proposes a novel approach, it does not delve into specific aspects of some topics covered, which could limit the detailed understanding of certain concepts. Deepening: The document could delve into the practical application of the proposed concepts and tools in real cases of dynamic systems, as well as into the comparison with traditional approaches to highlight the differences and advantages of the proposed new approach.

Introduction: Blockchain technology is one of the emerging technologies that implements the concept of decentralization. The first application of this technology was with Bitcoin, which is a decentralized application. However, the decentralization of Bitcoin has become problematic due to the formation of mining pools. In this work, decentralization is intended to be maximized. Problem: Decentralization is the main concept of blockchain technologies. However, decentralization suffers mainly from mining pools in the Bitcoin network. Objective: In this work, the proposed solution to maximize upon the decentralized nature of Bitcoin is to revise the consensus protocol of Bitcoin. The proposed novel consensus protocol called Signature Proof-of-Work uses signatures instead of hashes. The proposed method aims to minimize the number of mining pools and maximize the number of solo miners by arguing that no one can share their private keys with others, which would ensure greater decentralization of the network. Methodology: The consensus algorithm in Bitcoin is Proof-of-Work. Proof-of-Work allows for the formation of mining pools. Mining pools control the Bitcoin network and reduce decentralization. Therefore, a novel Proof-of-Work consensus algorithm is proposed to empower decentralization. Results: The proposed consensus algorithm called Signature Proof-of-Work uses signatures instead of hashes. The proposed method aims to minimize the number of mining pools and maximize the number of solo miners by arguing that no one can share their private keys with others, which would ensure greater decentralization of the network. Conclusion: The proposed consensus algorithm minimizes mining pools by enforcing non-shareable private keys. Originality: The proposed consensus algorithm is an enhancement of the default Proof-of-Work algorithm of Bitcoin. The proposed algorithm uses signatures instead of hashes, which differentiates it from the default algorithm. Limitations: In the proposed algorithm, the main argument is that no one shares their private keys. In other words, miners cannot share their private keys with others. If they share their private keys, others can control their own money. Therefore, each miner does not want to collaborate with other miners to mine new blocks. As a result, the mining pools will not be formed.

Introduction: The smart city paradigm is made up of a set of actors who must operate jointly to guarantee road flow. However, sometimes there are accidents, and they affect productive apparatus, cause minor or temporary injuries and sometimes death of the individuals involved. Problem: Events occur for multiple reasons and the authorities have difficulties in implementing controls that minimize their occurrence since they do not have the necessary tools to capture and analyze timely information on the claims that have been presented. Objective: The objective is to increase road safety control and safeguard mobility in Bucaramanga. For this, a mobile application is designed to capture accident data by implementing the Flutter framework and the Model- View design pattern methodology. Controller (MVC). Methodology: The development of software to analyze the large amount of information on road events. A da- tabase is developed where said information is stored and processed using programming languages, coding and data hosting. Design and process factors are also considered according to the user’s needs, which will determine the interface and expected performance. Results: A structured system for data capture with the ability to integrate the general community, streamline the availability of information and facilitate decision making that deals with the problem in real time. Conclusion: It is concluded that its implementation in the city fosters self-care for pedestrians and drivers, facilitating the design of effective control measures by territorial entities, bringing the city of Bucaramanga closer to sustainability. Originality: This methodology for integrating events is unique in the country and is developed based on the city’s own characteristics. Limitations: The lack of information provided by the government actors.

Este artículo presenta una evaluación experimental de cargas en casas ecoamigables hechas con botellas de plástico (pet) rellenas con arena y reforzadas con acero corrugado, en marco del proyecto “Diseño y mode-lación de muros formados por botellas de tereftalato de polietileno rellenas de arena y reforzadas con acero corrugado”, desarrollado en la Universidad Santo Tomás, Villavicencio – Colombia, en el año 2022. Introducción: el pet es un material pobremente biodegradable que se ha tornado un problema de contamina-ción medioambiental. Los sistemas de construcciones alternativas con botellas pet recicladas pueden suplir funciones de construcción, tomando ventaja de sus características mecánicas; también ayudan a reducir la contaminación medioambiental a través del reciclaje y reducen costos de construcción. Metodología: las botellas fueron colocadas verticalmente y no horizontalmente como se hace generalmente, además, fueron reforzadas con acero corrugado para proveer estabilidad lateral al sistema propuesto. Para evaluar el sistema frente a diferentes escenarios de carga, se realizó una caracterización de las propiedades mecánicas de los elementos propuestos y se construyó un modelo de elementos finitos con el objetivo de representar una aproximación del comportamiento real de la casa que cumple los requerimientos de la nsr-10.Resultados: se determinó que la estructura soportará las cargas impuestas, presentando un ise de 0,8 para muros de carga y esta no presentará deformaciones excesivas de acuerdo a un ifl de 0,9.Conclusiones: debido a que el modelo a escala soportó las cargas verticales, se demuestra que el sistema provee seguridad a sus ocupantes y que el sistema de construcción propuesto genera reducción en los costos.Originalidad: aunque podemos encontrar casas construidas con botellas llenas con arena, estas, generalmente, se construyen con las botellas dispuestas horizontalmente. Este proyecto propone el estudio de casas fabrica-das con botellas configuradas verticalmente, con el fin de reducir su espacio constructivo. Limitaciones: en la práctica la caracterización de los atributos mecánicos del conjunto de materiales es na-turaleza heterogénea, lo cual dificulta la alimentación de dichos atributos en los modelos de simulación. Por esto se propuso evaluar los atributos mecánicos del conjunto de materiales y asumirlos como homogéneos en el modelo.

Introduction: This article is part of an ongoing research project that started in 2022 and investigates the viability of cooperative associations from an anarchist-cybernetics perspective at the Universidad del Valle, Department of Administrative Sciences. Problem: Management Cybernetics and anarchism are fields with significant coincidences regarding organisational theory. From the point of view of anarchism, voluntary organisation is a form of exercising individualfreedom, while in cybernetics, autonomy is the desirable state of organisation. Objective: The article aims to identify the current state of academic development in the field of anarchist-cybenetics, specifically around the concepts of “autogestión”, “self-management” and “self-control”. Methodology: The article proposes a systematic literature review of the last 10 years in nine academic datbases. Results: The field presents research on radical political groups but lacks research on voluntary organisations such as cooperatives. The predominant research methods used are qualitative for empirical research, and non-empirical research is relevant in this field. Latin America and the developing economies are interesting fields for future development. Case studies and the historical method are relevant for the study of anarchy, and Beer ́s VSM is the most used tool for cybernetics in this field. Conclusion: The field appears to be of great interest for various multi-decade old journals. Originality: This is one of the few research projects to link the organisational side of anarchism and management cybernetics. Anarchist-cybernetics is a novel subject after almost 60 years of not having any academic publications. Limitations: As a novel subject, not many publications fit the requirements for the review.

Introduction: This paper is the outcome of a review survey, “Role of IoT, AI and blockchain in agriculture and crop disease detection using a text mining approach,” done at Lovely Professional University in Punjab, India, in 2023. Problem: Agriculture is a crucial industry that contributes significantly to the economies of many nations. Crop diseases are one of the issues that create a barrier to agricultural development. Objective: Using machine learning, deep learning, image processing methods, the Internet of Things, and blockchain technology, this study provides a current summary of research done over the past years on disease identfication of various crops. Methodology: The text mining technique is applied to extract the related information from published papers and predict the following futuristic technologies to detect crop diseases early. Results: This paper also covers the various issues, challenges, and potential solutions. It also emphasizes the wide range of tools available for identifying crop diseases. Conclusion: This paper helps to extract valuable keywords through a text-mining approach and create a roadmap for another researcher. Originality: Applied text mining visualization techniques, such as word cloud and word frequency, to extract the keywords. Limitation: The literature survey only covers literature published prior to February 2023; it can be extended with more studies published soon.

This article is a product of the project "Piezoelectric system with software management", developed by Jayr Antonio Fandiño Gómez in conjunction with the University of Cundinamarca Ubaté sectional. Objective: To develop a source of clean energy with the help of piezoelectric materials, to take advantage of the passage of people within the University of Cundinamarca, Ubaté sectional, generating savings of "energy" resources. Method: Different phases have been carried out using different sensors in order to create a better product which is capable of generating clean energy that can be used for the lighting supply of this public space. Results: A piezoelectric tablet of large dimensions and optimized has been created, which was implemented for testing within the University of Cundinamarca, Ubaté sectional generating results that led to the creation of a NoSQL database. Conclusion: By implementing a new renewable energy system in an area where there are environmental concerns, awareness of the different problems generated by the advancement of technology will be generated. Limitation of the study: The acquisition of the sensors can be complicated due to the fact that this product is mostly created abroad.