In developing countries like India there is strong focus on national infrastructure .New bridges are build every year. The maintenance of these bridges is many times overlooked. And the present systems use complicated and high cost wired network and high maintenance optical fiber system. So the main objective behind this project is to build a cheap bridge health monitoring system for developing countries.

The relative advancement of technologies and availability of high frequency clocks and digital circuits, the operating frequencies of integrated circuits are increasing at a faster rate. But the rate at which different ICs communicate is not growing. So it requires an extremely high-performance solution that consumes a minimum power and is relatively immune to noise and inexpensive. Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) is a way to communicate data using a very low voltage swing (about 350mV) differentially over two PCB traces. It deals about the analysis and design of a low power, low noise and high speed comparator for a high performance Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) Receiver. The circuit of a Conventional Double Tail Latch Type Comparator is modified for the purpose of low-power and low noise operation even in small supply voltages. The circuit is simulated with 2V DC supply voltage, 350mV 500MHz sinusoidal input and 1GHz clock frequency. LVDS Receiver using comparator as its second stage is designed and simulated in Cadence Virtuoso Analog Design Environment using GPDK 180nm .By this design, the power dissipation, delay and noise can be reduced. Index Terms: Double-tail comparator, Buffer, Differential Amplifier

This paper analyzed features of headlamps of vehicle when turning the corner.When vehicle is driven on curved road headlamps turns as per vehicle body hence it has limited illumination.The adaptive front lightning system (AFS) improves visibility during night time driving.This project developed a new type of AFS (adaptive front-lighting system) based on CCD (charge-coupled device) which was better than traditional AFS.The main aim is to find curvature of road ahead in advance before turning the corner so as to adjust turning angle and steering accordingly.This new AFS used CCD image sensor to detect information about the corner and then sent curvature radius to control unit in advance.Meanwhile, accurate rotation angle of headlamps would calculated by control unit through curvature radius, and send it to servomotor to adjust headlamps to get the lighting beam which was suitable for the corner.By using this way, it could avoid "blind spot" caused by the fixed lighting area when coming into the corner, and improve driving safety.

Fingerprint authentication for content protection in the human–machine systems, cybernetics, and computational intelligence is very popular. Because of the complex input contexts, low-quality input fingerprint images always exist with cracks and scars, dry skin, or poor ridges and valley contrast ridges. In this paper three different methods are introduced to enhance the low quality fingerprint images.

Modified H-shaped array antennas are proposed to achieve high gain and good impedance matching for WiMAXapplications. Here a 3*2 H-shaped microstrip array antenna is designed. To reduce the return loss and for good impedance matching, the 50 ohm impedance transformer is used. By using H-shaped slot antenna, an air bridge can be avoided in design as well as the complexity of design can be reduced .The 180 degree phase shifters are organised in H-shaped antenna. It gives 7.77 dB gain and 11.97 dB directivity. The return loss of 16 dB and 24 dB can be achieved at 3.3 GHz and 3.7 GHz operating frequencies which are WiMAX frequencies. Index Terms:Modified H-shaped antenna, WiMAX, 50 ohm impedance transformer, 180 deg phase shifter.

In this paper, we investigate the cooperative diversity technique as a candidate solution for combating turbulence induced fading over Free-Space Optical (FSO) links. In particular, a one-relay cooperative diversity scheme is proposed and analyzed for non-coherent FSO communications with intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD). The error performance is derived in semi-analytical and closed-form expressions in the presence and absence of background radiation, respectively. Results show the enhanced diversity orders that can be achieved over both Rayleigh and lognormal fading models. In this transceiver design coherent transmitter and receiver design is carried out with the reference to q-ary PPM(pulse position modulation).performance analysis is carried out in all possible strategy.

GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite based navigation system which provides reliable positioning information to its users (receivers) based on the concept of Time of Arrival (TOA) of the signal at the receiver. The positional accuracy of GPS is affected by several sources such as atmosphere, multipath and satellite-receiver geometry etc., of which ionosphere is one of the major sources of error for single frequency GPS user. When GPS signal propagates through the ionosphere, due to the change in refractive index in atmospheric layers, the signal bends which causes a delay in the arrival of the signal at the receiver. This delay of the signal introduces an error in ranging measurements at the receiver which in turn leads to an error in positioning information. Hence, to improve the positional accuracy, it is necessary estimate the delay of the signal in ionosphere during its transit from satellite to receiver. As this delay is caused by the electron content of the ionosphere, it is also necessary to estimate the Total Electron Content (TEC) in the signal path. The only way of estimating the ionospheric delay for single frequency receivers is by using Klobuchar algorithm which is based on the GPS broadcast ephemeris data. But this algorithm is optimized for mid latitudes and is very poor in high and low latitude regions. Hence it is required to have a model that is suitable for low latitude regions and near-equatorial regions such as Indian subcontinent. In this paper, low latitude suitable CODE coefficients based Klobuchar algorithm is implemented and is validated. The paper aims to investigate the performance of the CODE based Klobuchar algorithm by estimating the ionospheric delay using the CODE coefficients for data due to a low-latitude receiver data i.e. IGS station (HYDE: Lat/Long: 17°24'39N/78°33'4E) located in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. This CODE based ionospheric delay is compared with delay due to Klobuchar model using the broadcast ephemeris data of the IGS receiver (HYDE). The model performance is validated with the ionospheric delay computed using the IONO-Lab data for the IGS station (HYDE). The CODE based algorithm is implemented, compared and validated for several days data of the IGS receiver (HYDE) and in this paper, it is presented for a typical day i.e. 11 th September 2014. The work yields the conclusion that Klobuchar model is simple due to short

This paper is based on the large scale heating systems employed in industries. The PID controller set up for monitoring and regulating the heating systems for maintaining the optimum temperature for melting of lead and also ensures minimum heat loss and low power consumption, thus saving power. In this paper we show the heating control application of the PID controller by using a thermocouple as a sensing element and a feedback to the PID controller. By setting a reference value in the PID controller and using the sensing element to measure a heat source, the operation of a PID controller and the firing of the SCR can be observed through the glowing of the lamp.

In many applications moving object detection is important task. For detection of moving object this paper proposes a hardware solution based on background subtraction algorithm. It is implemented on FPGA.For this following are executed. 1)Image is captured by camera and stored in PC. 2)Both current and background images are sent to FPGA by serial communication 3).Background subtraction is done to obtain moving object.4)Position of moving object is located on FPGA. Index Terms: background subtraction, motion detection

A rectangular pyramidal horn antenna fabricated with tapered dielectric E-plane boundary walls whose inner surface is periodically loaded with thin conducting strips is investigated. For better impedance matching, at the throat region of the horn antenna, 3 cm portion is metallised. The radiation characteristics of this horn antenna are compared with that of an identical conventional horn antenna with conducting E-plane boundary walls. Considerable improvement in the E-plane radiation characteristics is observed. As H-plane boundary walls are not modified, no change in the H-plane radiation characteristics is observed. However,the conventional horn antenna shows slightly better impedance matching than the test horn antenna.