The structural integrity of bridges is critical to ensuring public safety, economic stability, and uninterrupted transportation networks. Traditional risk assessment approaches, such as visual inspections, load testing, and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), have historically provided the foundation for maintenance decisionmaking. However, these methods often face limitations in dynamic operating environments due to subjectivity, static scoring frameworks, and insufficient integration of real-time monitoring data. This study proposes an Enhanced FMEA framework that integrates Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) data—collected through advanced sensing technologies, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and fiber optic systems—into risk assessment processes. Quantitative metrics, statistical methods, and machine learning models are applied to improve predictive accuracy, while fuzzy logic and Bayesian networks address uncertainties in scoring. Comparative analysis between conventional and enhanced FMEA demonstrates superior performance of the integrated approach in terms of predictive reliability, reduction of false positives and negatives, and optimization of maintenance schedules. Case applications in bridges and related infrastructure reveal the scalability and adaptability of the proposed model. Findings underscore the potential of data-driven FMEA to transform infrastructure risk management, enabling proactive maintenance and extending the operational lifespan of critical assets

Traditional earthen materials and techniques offer a promising solution to the housing infrastructure crisis in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa. This exploratory study examines the chemical and physico-mechanical properties of soils used in mud buildings and the historic Benin moat in Benin City, Nigeria, with the aim of adapting them for modern, low-cost housing. Four soil samples were analyzed in raw form and with 5-10% cement and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) stabilization. At 14 days, cube strengths with 5% cement exceeded the 1.6 N/mm² requirement of the Nigerian Building Code (2006) for non-loadbearing sandcrete blocks by over 30%, while unconfined compressive strength (UCS) at 28 days was within 5-6% of the code. However, all samples failed the chloride ion penetration test. The samples met ASTM C618-22 oxide requirements (SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃ > 70%, SO₃ < 4%, K₂O < 1.5%) but showed high loss on ignition (LOI > 23%) and very low strength activity indices (<75%) at 28 days, limiting their pozzolanic performance. Despite this, the high kaolinite content (28– 68%) suggests strong potential for producing metakaolin, a valuable supplementary cementitious material (SCM). While stabilized mud bricks - uncalcined - show promise at 5% cement, further chemical or mechanical treatment is needed to enhance durability and long-term performance.

The aerospace and aeronautical industries have shifted their focus from using traditional materials to using composite materials, mainly due to excellent strength to weight ratio and superior mechanical properties such as high strength. This paper focuses on the key finding of previous research work made by different researches on composite materials in aeronautical industry and draws a conclusion on the added benefits and directing the best composite material which could be used for manufacturing parts in aeronautical industry. The primary focus is on three parts namely aileron, wing spar and wing skin. When it comes to wing spar the observations were made on the amount of load a certain composite material can bear, there was also analysis done on the number of layers and which type of binding material and reinforced fiber is beneficial over other. Observations that were made about the wing skin were based on a newly developed material that was later put through further testing to determine its capabilities. This study suggests that, Graphite and Kevlar 49 Fiber combination is the most superior material due to its cost-effectiveness and fracture toughness. After a thorough comparison of four potential materials Fiber Metal Laminate composed of Glass Fiber Epoxy and 2023 T3 Aluminium, was determined as the most suitable for Aircraft Wing Skin. TR50 Carbon Fiber with R367-2 Epoxy matrix prove to be the most superior material for Wing Spar. Materials and Methods: This study reviewed the use of composite materials in the design of aircraft wing structures, focusing on the aileron, wing spar, and wing skin of a light aircraft. Relevant literature was analyzed to identify optimal composite combinations based on parameters such as tensile strength, stiffness, weight, fatigue resistance, and cost-effectiveness. For the aileron, materials such as Graphite/Kevlar 49 hybrid, HTA 5131 fiber with RTM6 resin, and CF/PEI thermoplastics were evaluated. The wing skin analysis considered Fiber Metal Laminates (FMLs), Aluminium-Lithium alloys, and Boron/Epoxy composites, emphasizing wear resistance, fatigue life, and structural integrity. Wing spar materials were assessed based on mechanical performance under load, incorporating experimental data from carbon fiber/epoxy composites (e.g., TR50 carbon fiber with R367-2 epoxy), finite element modeling, and physical testing. Each section of the wing structure was evaluated using data from tensile, compression, fatigue, and impact tests reported in prior research. Comparative tables were developed to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each composite system. The final selection of materials was based on overall performance, mechanical compatibility, and suitability for light aircraft application, with recommendations guided by documented test results and design optimization studies

Centrifugal fans are critical in cement manufacturing for airflow regulation and dust management but often suffer from vibration-related faults due to harsh operational conditions. Excessive vibration, commonly caused by rotor unbalance and misalignment, can lead to premature component failure. This study investigates a costeffective method of vibration reduction through field-based static balancing. A 9-blade, rigid-mounted centrifugal fan operating at 1475 RPM was monitored using the SKF Quick Collect CMDT391 sensor and Emerson CSI 2140 analyzer. Initial vibration analysis revealed high amplitudes exceeding ISO 10816 limits. Mechanical faults such as impeller misalignment, loose bolts were corrected. The impeller was then divided into 40° segments, and static balancing was performed using trial weights of 5 g, 17 g, and 20 g at the light spot (12 o’clock). Final correction weight of 34.55 g was calculated using the influence coefficient method and welded in place. Initial horizontal vibration at the fan drive end was 17.38 mm/s. After mechanical corrections, it reduced to 12.48 mm/s. Following static balancing, vibration further dropped the vibration to 3.91 mm/s an overall reduction of 82 %. Similar improvements were observed across all measurement points. This demonstrates that systematic vibration diagnosis, basic mechanical correction, and static balancing can significantly reduce vibration levels. In resource-constrained industrial settings, this approach offers a practical alternative to dynamic balancing, ensuring equipment reliability, extended lifespan, and operational efficiency.

Background: Energy is important to modern life, because it is a critical driver for socio-economic development, especially in developing countries like Nigeria. However, it comes at a price to consumers and at an even greater price to the environment, because of environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels used for energy generation. Therefore, this study assessed energy consumption in Nigerian hospital buildings to determine economic and environmental benefits derivable from its effective utilization. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of literature published between 2016 and 2024 on the Scopus and Google scholar platforms was conducted to evaluate the current level of energy audits in Nigerian buildings, present condition of energy conservation programmes and techniques used to optimize energy consumption in Nigerian hospitals. Results: Results revealed there are very few studies about energy audits in Nigerian buildings and they are poorly reported. Majority of the challenges preventing energy conservation in Nigerian buildings are low energy literacy, financial constraints, wasteful consumption attitudes, poor consumer-utility relationships and use of outdated technologies. Adopting solar photovoltaic systems, energy management systems and retrofitting existing hospitals will yield significant energy savings. Energy utilization is beneficial to the environment because it significantly reduces carbon gas emissions into the atmosphere, by providing alternative clean, sustainable and eco-friendly renewable energy sources. Effective energy utilization in hospital buildings reduces average annual consumption by 20% while saving about 500 megawatts per hour. Conclusion: This study concludes that regular hospital energy audits will reveal areas where energy is being wasted and the techniques required for optimizing consumption in the areas. This study recommends using modern technologies for energy audits and educating hospital staff about energy conservation and optimization

Time delay in the construction industry is a global problem and considered as one of the most significant problems worldwide. Libyan construction industry is also no exception to it, and it is known that to consider the project successful is complete on time within predicted costt. As a result of many reasons, this is more noticeably in developing countries as time delay is a normal result of poor project performance. In Libyan construction industry, budget overrun and time extension are the main problems facing all project parties including clients, contractors, subcontractors and suppliers. This research aims to determine the main causes that result in construction delays in Libya according to the owners, contractors and consultants participated in the questionnaire. The outcome of this study is that the main significant elements that often lead to time delay in Libyan construction projects are: delay in payment by client, financial difficulties by contractors, corruption, security issues, market inflation and frequent change by client during construction projects implementation.

The utilization of electromigration for enhancement of microspheres using sudden change in geometrical shape of sample was investigated. The experimental sample of Al metal line is formed on a TiN layer and covered with a SiO2 passivation layer. The experimental results revealed that sudden change in geometrical shape of specimen significantly affects temperature, current density and current stressing time to enhance atomic accumulation for growing microspheres. The experimental results are explained in the discussion. A finite element analysis was done to investigate the effect of temperature profile due to sudden change in crosssectional area of a sample structure

Air is heated and any food item can be dried using the solar drying method, which also uses biomass energy. Drying aids in the preservation of agricultural products while reducing wastage. A solar-biomass hybrid dryer was consequently created to address the drawbacks of natural sun drying, including exposure to direct sunlight, risk of pests and rodents, inadequate supervision, and higher costs associated with mechanical dryers. In this project, a portable hybrid dryer is designed and built. It consists of a biomass combustion chamber integrated with a sun drying chamber that holds a rack of three trays. Through the air inlet, air is supplied into the solar chamber, where it heats up and is used for drying (i.e., removing moisture content from the food ingredient or agricultural product loaded). It is a solar and biomassbased hybrid drier since drying is continued using biomass energy when solar energy is not available. Pune is the design's geographic location, and climatic data were gathered to ensure appropriate design specifications. Glass, mild steel metal bars, acrylic sheets, aluminum foil, and aluminum fabrication material for the trays were among the locally accessible materials utilized in the construction

India’s ongoing population explosion has imposed a great strain on the country’s environment. This rapid growth in population along with urbanization and industrialization has placed lot of pressure on India’s infrastructure and natural sources. Forests destruction, soil erosion, water pollution and lowering of the level’s quality continue to hinder economic development in under developed and rural region of India. The rapid urbanization and subsequently industrialization in India leads degrading environmental condition in metro cities in India. Chhatrapati Sambhajinager cannot be an exception Chhatrapati Sambhajinager is one of the most affected cities where air particulate matters (PM) have been registered at the levels more than 10 times our country’s legal limit (Ninawe et-al 2010). Despite of introducing legal policy measures in India air pollution remained major concern. In many urban areas including Chhatrapati Sambhajinager, there is high level of pollution. This cause increase in the levels of air pollution including deforestation that is causing human health hazards. In India aggravation of air pollution is owing to the rapid and growth in the size of cities. The movement of people from one place to other helped to Increase in consumption pattern, unplanned urban and industrial development is the main causes of air pollution in big cities of India that resulted the worst. (Chitale et-al 2010). In India, the most severe problem of environment comes in varied forms including vehicular emissions and unsaturated industrial smoke. This has resulted in bringing about adverse effect on population and cities are unable to implement pertinent pollution control mechanism. High concentration of pollution in India is not due to absence of a sound environment legal regime, but is due to lack of environmental enforcement at the local level. Regulatory reforms aimed to improving the air pollution problem in most of the metro cities. To my knowledge this might be the first attempt in Maharashtra, to produce high-resolution of particulate matter and gaseous NO2 and SO2 pollution surface, making use of remote sensing data (Kourase et-al 2010). The outcome of this research work will be made available to help expose health research in this polluted and densely populated region