ABSTRACT Creatininium tartrate (CT) single crystals were effectively grown via the slow evaporation technique and established to crystallise in the orthorhombic system. The crystals exhibited excellent optical properties, counting a UV cut-off at 235 nm and a strong photoluminescence emission at 572 nm, indicating high transparency and material purity. The laser damage threshold was intended to be 3.24 GW/cm², demonstrating robust resistance to high-intensity laser irradiation, while thermogravimetric analysis confirmed stability up to 460 K. Nonlinear optical investigations showed a second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency 1.23 times greater than standard KDP and third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ³ = 2.104 × 10⁻⁴ esu, highlighting the crystal’s strong third-order optical response. The material also exhibited an optical limiting threshold of 1.79 × 10¹⁶ J/cm², confirming its potential for high-power laser protection. These results found creatininium tartrate single crystals to be promising candidates for applications in nonlinear optics, photonic devices, laser systems, and optical sensor technologies.

ABSTRACT A powder of peach (Prunus persica) stone (PSP) was utilised as a renewable, cost-effective and sustainable adsorbent for the removal of methyl violet (MV) dye. The Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimise the adsorption key parameters, including PSP dosage (coded A: 0.02–0.1 g/100 mL), pH of MV dye solution (coded B: 4–10) and contact time (coded C: 10–90 min). The BBD results show that the setting of MV solution pH =10, 0.1 g/100 mL of PSP dosage and contact time = 50 min obtained the best removal of MV (50 mg/L) = 92.1%. The significant interactions between PSP dosage vs pH (AB) and pH vs contact time (BC) were confirmed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The adsorption kinetic investigation indicates that the adsorption process of MV dye onto the PSP surface can follow both pseudo-first order (PFO) and pseudo-second order (PSO), revealing the possibility of a physicochemical adsorption process. Hence, the adsorption isotherm model was well explained by the Langmuir isotherm model with a monolayer maximum of 141.8 mg/g of MV dye onto the PSP surface. The thermodynamic investigation indicates a spontaneous and endothermic adsorption process of MV onto the surface. Hence, this research work introduces PSP as a natural and renewable adsorbent for toxic dye removal.

ABSTRACT India has ∼159 million hectares of arable land that produces millions of tons of agro-waste in the form of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) after the harvesting of diverse crops each year. Eco-friendly management of LCB is a key prerequisite to establishing a successful rural-based circular economy model that may also create local employment opportunities. Once the glucose is extracted from cellulose (a polysaccharide present in LCB), it could be used in many ways, such as for the growth of specially developed microbes known as single-cell protein (SCP) for animal feed. Intact cellulose can be used to produce handmade paper. The partially digested LCB (with acid/base/enzymes) could be used for biogas production and enzyme synthesis. Further, rice straw with lower protein content is palatable to livestock after urea fermentation. The current study aims to highlight the simplest scientific techniques that have proven helpful for farmers’ economic gains and for the management of LCB. The given discussion on new schemes/start-ups supported by the Indian government and non-governmental organisations, which are usually committed to adding scientific innovations for the management of waste. This article may help extension scientists to motivate rural communities to exploit the LCB, which is generally burned in the open.

ABSTRACT Efficient wastewater treatment using reverse osmosis (RO) is often constrained by membrane fouling, energy penalties and limited predictive control strategies. Existing studies primarily address fouling analysis or optimisation in isolation, leaving a gap in integrated real-time monitoring and decision support. The study was validated on a pilot-scale RO treatment setup operated under real wastewater conditions. Model performance was assessed over an extended 30-day validation period to capture both slow and accelerated fouling phases. This scale and duration ensure that the forecasting results reflect realistic operational variability and practical applicability. This work introduces a predictive optimisation framework that combines multivariate sensor data (BOD, COD, SDI, TDS, flux, pressure and specific energy consumption) with fouling forecasting models to guide operational adjustments. Experimental validation demonstrated that colloidal fouling caused a ∼50% reduction in permeate flux within 24 h, while specific energy consumption increased by ∼32%. By applying the proposed predictive control, the system reduced energy usage by up to 18% and improved water recovery by 12% compared with fixed-schedule operation. The novelty lies in linking online monitoring, fouling prediction and RO operation optimisation. These results provide a pathway for extending membrane life, reducing operational costs and enhancing the sustainability of wastewater reuse.

ABSTRACT In this study, the life cycle assessment technique is used to assess and compare the environmental effects of existing plastic waste management scenarios based on the impact categories in India. The study considered end-of-life (gate-to-grave) treatment scenarios for plastic wastes, including landfilling, incineration, recycling, and pyrolysis. All four scenarios were assessed and compared based on their environmental impact using the CML 2001 baseline method in GaBi software. The results proved that landfilling had the least environmental impact in abiotic depletion potential, acidification, global warming, and human toxicity potential, followed by recycling. Pyrolysis and incineration had the most negative impacts on the environment. Transport distance (40 and 100 km) has minor environmental impact (mostly <2% change). However, pyrolysis is most sensitive to distance (∼ 5% increase). This study might help policymakers and municipal bodies implement better plastic waste management plans.

ABSTRACT This study offers a diverse approach for remodelling an integrated Sewage Treatment Plant for the Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone. Special emphasis is given to the existing problems, scope of improvement of the design, cost perspective of the plant and the growing industrial activity and population. The new plant is designed using Shapr3D® software version 3.9, which complies with Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation’s notified criteria and the projected population increase over the next 10–25 years in this zone is also taken into consideration for the design. Solar panels and a bio-methanation plant are integrated with the plant to cut down on electricity consumption. The proposed plant integrates multiple modules and is notable for being self-sustaining. This study has looked at the possibilities of refining wet waste residue to extract precious metals, which results in financial advantages through direct auctioning. According to a cost–benefit study, the Sewage Treatment Plant can make a sizable Net Present Value over ten years by auctioning refined precious metals that can be recovered from sewage and selling treated effluent back to local manufacturers for use in manufacturing processes and sanitation. This circular economic strategy shows the financial sustainability of the sewage treatment process by reducing the negative environmental effects, creating economic viability and sustainability inside the industrial zone.

ABSTRACT This study explores the efficient photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye using environmentally friendly SiO2 nanoparticles under UV light, optimised via Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The investigation systematically evaluated critical parameters including catalyst dosage (0.05–0.25 g), dye concentration (25–125 ppm), pH (3–11) and irradiation time (30–150 minutes) utilising a Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimisation process identified ideal conditions of 0.15 g catalyst, 75 ppm dye concentration, neutral pH of 7 and a maximum of 150 minutes exposure time, resulting in an impressive 99.8% degradation efficiency. This rate demonstrates significant superiority over traditional degradation methods. Further analysis through Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) during high-efficiency trials validated the comprehensive breakdown of Methylene Blue dye, leading to the proposal of a degradation mechanism based on identified intermediates. The finding position SiO2 nanoparticles as a highly effective, economically viable and sustainable photocatalyst for treating wastewater, particularly under neutral pH condition. This research offers a promising strategy to address the persistent issue of dye-related environmental pollution, presenting SiO2 nanoparticles as a pioneering solution for the enhancement of wastewater treatment processes.

ABSTRACT Accidental releases of hazardous gases like ammonia present significant safety and environmental threats in industrial-urban interfaces. This study develops a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) framework using ANSYS CFX 13.0 to simulate high-pressure ammonia dispersion through realistic plant geometries. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) methodology implementing *k*-ϵ and Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence closures quantifies atmospheric dynamics and obstacle interactions governing plume evolution. Validation against experimental datasets confirms model fidelity in replicating spatiotemporal concentration profiles. Parametric analysis of wind velocity (0.1–4.0 m/s), release rates (0.5–2.5 kg/s) and boundary conditions demonstrates obstruction-induced dispersion pattern variations of 25%–40% versus open terrain. The framework achieves 30%–50% improvement in critical exposure zone delineation accuracy over conventional integral models. Integration of site-specific topology and meteorological data enables physics-informed safety buffer zoning (60–150 m), directly enhancing emergency-response protocols and regulatory compliance. This validated approach advances quantitative risk assessment paradigms for industrial chemical hazards, demonstrating the critical role of high-fidelity CFD in post-Bhopal safety engineering.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the optimisation of salt content reduction during crude oil separation from Omani production fields by experimentally examining key process parameters. Crude oil samples from three fields with varying fluid properties were tested across a temperature range of 15 to 80°C, 3 to 9 hours retention times, freshwater addition from 0% to 10%, and chemical demulsifier concentrations between 0 and 50 ppm. The salt content was measured using an electrometric method based on chloride ion conductivity, validated with a calibration curve showing high accuracy (R² = 0.99). Results indicate that increasing temperature significantly improves salt and water removal, with 65°C identified as the optimal temperature. A retention time of 3 hours at this temperature achieved effective salt reduction while adding 5% fresh water and 25 ppm demulsifier further enhanced desalting efficiency. The study concludes that these combined parameters maximise salt removal, reduce corrosion risks, and improve crude oil quality, providing practical guidelines for optimising desalting operations in the petroleum industry.

ABSTRACT Titanate nanotubes (TNTs) were synthesized hydrothermally at 150–160°C, characterized by TEM, XRD, FESEM and FTIR to understand the surface morphology and crystallinity. Prepared TNTs were used to remove methylene blue (MB) from spiked pond water in conjugation with adsorption and photodegradation at room temperature. Initially, complete photo-illumination study conducted to find out the optimum conditions for maximum MB degradation. In dark, ~69% dye adsorbed within 3.0 h whereas final removal was achieved to ~98% during photo-illumination within another 3.5 h of photo-irradiation in presence of oxygen in suspension. Optimal conditions for degradation were, 8 mgL–1 dye concentration, dosage of 3 gL–1, pH 6.8 ± 0.2, 6.5 h. Adsorptivity of TNTs was found to 33.55 mgg–1 as determined from the Langmuir isotherm and is followed in a better way than Freundlich isotherm. Kinetic analysis indicated that adsorption followed pseudo-second-order model. Adsorption did not follow either by physisorption or chemisorption and was elucidated from D-R isotherm or by film or pore diffusion controlled. Photodegradation is supposed to the redox reactions onto TNTs surfaces due to the generation of ROS during transition of photo-generated electron(s) from VB to CV. Three times recycling study conducted with suppression removal efficiency. Cost analysis of degradation was calculated.