Alien fish introductions have become an increasingly significant ecological issue in Indonesian inland waters, largely driven by aquaculture development, fisheries enhancement, and ornamental fish trade. While non-native species contribute to food security and economic growth, their establishment in natural freshwater ecosystems raises concerns for native biodiversity. This study systematically reviews existing literature on alien fish invasions in Indonesia, focusing on their ecological consequences and biodiversity implications. Using a structured review approach across major academic databases, relevant peer-reviewed studies were identified and synthesized. The findings indicate that widely introduced species such as Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus are associated with competition, predation, habitat modification, and trophic restructuring. These impacts may alter native fish community composition and contribute to biotic homogenization, particularly in high-endemism freshwater systems. The review highlights the need for strengthened risk assessment, biosecurity measures, and ecosystem-based management to balance fisheries development with long-term biodiversity conservation

Spiritual formation has become a central concern in Christian higher education, particularly in responding to the moral, existential, and psychosocial challenges faced by university students in the Global South. Situated within the Indonesian context, this study examines how spiritual formation is negotiated amid academic pressures, institutional expectations, and socio-cultural realities shaping Christian higher education. Employing a qualitative phenomenological approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews and reflective narratives involving students and lecturers at Calvary Baptist Theological College, Jakarta, Indonesia. The findings reveal that spiritual formation emerges through three interrelated dimensions: (1) transformative learning experiences, (2) relational and pastoral engagement, and (3) the integration of faith, identity, and academic life. Within this context, Christian education is not merely perceived as cognitive religious instruction but as a formative and dialogical space where students actively construct meaning, spirituality, and vocation while navigating academic demands and communal religious expectations. This study contributes to the discourse on Christian religious education by offering an experiential framework for spiritual formation that reflects the distinctive dynamics of Indonesian Christian higher education and provides insights for curriculum development and pedagogical practices in Global South contexts

The development of information technology has transformed the character of armed conflict from conventional models to the cyber domain, which is non-linear, border-less, and difficult to attribute. Cyber warfare is no longer merely a hypothetical threat but has become a strategic instrument in global geopolitical rivalry. In the context of Indonesia, the digitalization of government systems, critical infrastructure, and the defense sector increases vulnerability to cyberattacks that could disrupt national sovereignty and stability. This article aims to analyze cyber warfare from the per-spectives of international law and Indonesian national law, as well as to identify normative and institutional challenges in the development of a digital military. The study employs a juridical-normative method with legislative, conceptual, and com-parative approaches. The findings indicate that, although the principles of Interna-tional Humanitarian Law (IHL) remain relevant, ambiguities exist in their application to cyber operations—particularly regarding attack attribution, thresholds of armed attacks, and the exercise of the right to self-defense. At the national level, Indone-sian regulations remain sectoral and do not explicitly regulate cyberwar doctrine as part of the national defense system. Therefore, harmonization of regulations, formu-lation of a national cyber military doctrine, and strengthened inter-agency coordina-tion are required to ensure Indonesia’s readiness to address the dynamics of digital conflict in the modern era

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed public relations practices from tactical functions to creative and analytical partners that accelerate work processes, without completely replacing the role of humans. Globally, AI is used for content production, message personalization, crisis simulation, sentiment analysis, and campaign optimization, while practitioners retain strategic and ethical control. In Indonesia, Telkom University's Bachelor of Digital Public Relations program is an example of AI adoption in the academic public relations ecosystem, encouraging lecturers and students to utilize AI for ethical and high-quality research and assignments. This study analyzes the role of AI as a creative collaborator in public relations practice innovation and educational institutions' strategies in building AI literacy and ethics. The findings show that human-AI collaboration governed by ethical principles and human supervision can improve efficiency, creativity, and work quality, but requires strengthening critical skills and professional responsibility among practitioners and academics

The development of digitalisation requires Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to be able to adapt in order to survive and increase their competitiveness. However, there are still many vehicle steam cleaning MSMEs that have not optimally utilised digital media in their marketing activities. This community service activity aims to improve the understanding and capabilities of local steam MSMEs in utilising social media, particularly Instagram, as a digital marketing tool, as well as providing a basic understanding of human resource management. The methods used in this activity were seminars and mentoring involving 10 local steam MSMEs. The material provided included an introduction to digital marketing through Instagram, the steps for creating an account, content management procedures, and a brief explanation of HR management tailored to the individual characteristics of employees. The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' understanding of the importance of marketing digitalisation, as evidenced by the fact that several MSMEs began to implement the creation of Instagram accounts for their businesses. This activity is expected to be the first step for local SMEs in the steam sector to develop digital marketing and improve business sustainability

This study examines gender representation in running-related Instagram content produced by fitness influencers in Indonesia. Using qualitative content analysis, the research analyzes selected posts and reels from male and female influencers to explore how running is framed through narrative, message tone, and visual imagery. Drawing on Social Representation Theory, the study investigates the processes of anchoring and objectification in constructing gendered meanings of running. The findings reveal contrasting patterns: male influencers tend to portray running as performance-oriented and discipline-driven, while female influencers frame it as a holistic practice emphasizing well-being, personal experience, and community. These representations reflect differing constructions of masculinity and femininity in digital sports culture and highlight influencers as key actors in shaping gendered meanings of sport on social media

This study examines the relationship between TikTok usage and social anxiety among Generation Z in Indonesia. Employing a quantitative correlational approach, data were collected via online questionnaires from 71 active TikTok users aged 18–24 years using purposive sampling. Instruments for TikTok usage (frequency, duration, activity, purpose) and social anxiety (interaction anxiety, scrutiny fear, close relationship anxiety) showed high validity (r > 0.235) and reliability (Cronbach's α > 0.90). Results revealed a positive moderate correlation (r = 0.392, p < 0.001) and significant regression effect (β = 0.276, p < 0.001), with TikTok explaining 15.4% of social anxiety variance. Findings align with Uses and Gratifications and Social Comparison Theories, urging digital literacy interventions for mental health

Coconut downstreaming is an important strategy to increase added value and the welfare of farmers in major coconut-producing areas, including West Sulawesi. However, the implementation of downstreaming still faces various risks, particularly those arising from institutional aspects and the low role of farmers in the coconut value chain. This study aims to analyze institutional risk factors and the role of coconut farmers in supporting the development of coconut downstreaming (Cocos nucifera) in West Sulawesi. The study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method targeting coconut farmers who are members of agricultural institutions. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained from relevant agencies. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, trend analysis, coefficient of variation (CV), and structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between variables. Research results indicate that institutional risks, such as weak governance, limited access to financing, low organizational capacity, and suboptimal market partnerships, have a significant impact on the level of farmer involvement in downstream activities. On the other hand, the active role of farmers in decision-making, innovation adoption, and institutional participation positively affects the sustainability of coconut downstream activities

In contemporary Muslim society, mosques are no longer understood solely as places for performing ritual worship, but have developed into social institutions that play a strategic role in community development. This article aims to analyze the transformation of the mosque's function from a center of worship to a center of participation and political leadership for Muslims in the city of Bau-Bau. This study uses a qualitative approach with qualitative methods, and the data collection involves interviews and literature studies of various scientific works relevant to the themes of mosques, community empowerment, and political participation. The study results show that mosques function not only as centers for religious activities but also as spaces for social education, strengthening civic awareness, and forming political leadership among Muslims in a socio-civic sense, rather than in practical or partisan political activities. However, expanding the function of mosques requires governance that professional and ethical so that the mosque remains a space that unites the community

This research describes the political communication strategies of DPRD members in Jombang Regency for the 2024-2029 period in absorbing public aspirations. Using a qualitative approach with case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. Results show DPRD members implement multi-channel strategies integrating formal-institutional and informal-personal approaches, adapted to pesantren-based socio-cultural characteristics. Findings reveal five contribution dimensions: increased public participation, responsiveness of political representation, strengthening of cultural-based socio-political relations, transparency-accountability, and public policy effectiveness. The research enriches political communication literature by adding socio-religious context dimensions, emphasizing the importance of involving religious leaders as social legitimacy in political communication in pesantren-based regions